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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Golden Age
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480-430 bce one of the most creative periods in the world - art, philosophy, architecture
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Lyric Poetry
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Greek Culture - poetry designed to give voice to deep emotions -
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Muses
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Greek-daughters of Zeus & Goddess of memory - they inspired the artists
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Sapphos
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Greek-female Homer-lived on island of Lesbos - wrote lyric poetry
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Alexander the Great
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Greek culture - King of Macedonia - most successful military commander of ancient history
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Julius Caesar
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Roman 46 bce - Roman dictator - restabilizes Rome - veni, vidi, vici attributed to him
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Caesar Augustus
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Roman - Octavian, Given Name Augustus (the Revered One) - Period of Pax Romana - he tried to civilize Rome
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Res Publica
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Roman - set up 287 bce – government of the people
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Pax Romano
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(30 bce -180 ce) -Era of peace & stability in Rome
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Virgil
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Roman - Rome’s greatest poet – author of the National Epic- Aeneid
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Aeneid
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Roman - 20 bce-Rome’s National Epic – written by Virgil - Iliad & Odyssey equivalent for Rome
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Horace
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Roman - very skillful social critic – He was a moralist – he wanted to change society - Carpe Diem – “Seize the day” – attributed to him
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carpe diem
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Roman - Poem written by Horace - Sieze the day - express the idea that one should enjoy life while one can.
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Satire
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Rome’s most original contribution to literature - Satire uses humor to denounce human vice & folly – human imperfections are mocked through comic exaggeration.
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Juvenal
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Rome’s most famous satirist – especially hostile toward women & foreigners. Famous for his 6th Satire – most bitter anti female diatribe. Most bitter attack on females in literature.
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Jupiter
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Roman (King of the Gods) - Zeus
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Juno
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Roman (Queen of the Gods) - Hera
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Bacchus
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Roman (God of Wine & vegetation) - Dionysus
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Venus
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Roman (Goddess of Love & Beauty) - Aphrodite
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Analect
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Chinese - Confucius - Commentaries on how to live the good life or right kind of life – addressing questions of moral conduct
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Silk Road
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Chinese - Silk, ivory, gems, spices. Traded with the west in a trading route called the Silk Road. Traded from Pacific to Asia Minor.
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Mithraism
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Roman -Its God Mithra slaughters a sacred bull & renders the earth fertile. Similarities to Christianity
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Sadducees
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Jewish - learned Jewish aristocrats who believed the Messiah would be a temporal leader who would give them political freedom. Did not believe in the immortality of the soul.
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Pharisees
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Jewish - more influential that the Sadducees & saw Messiah as a spiritual redeemer and viewed the soul as eternal and also believed in eternal punishment (Hell)
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Essenes
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Jewish monastic community practiced asceticism – more reclusive- more radical. Believed in eternal life.
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Asceticism
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Jewish Essenes - Strict self denial & self discipline
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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Cbristian - Copies of Old Testament found near the Dead Sea
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Gospels
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Christian our most important source of information we have about the life of Jesus. Earliest of them were written 40 years after Jesus’ death
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Sermon on the Mount
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Jewish - One of the most representative of Jesus' sermons
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Paul (Saul) of Tarsus
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Christian - regarded as the cofounder of Christianity – Apostle to Gentiles. Credited with having written 10-14 of the 27 NT Testaments. Identified Jesus as Cristos (Christ) – Explained Jesus death as a living sacrifice to atone for original sin
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Edict of Milan
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Roman - Constantine declared religious tolerance throughout the Empire
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Buddha Siddhartha Gautama
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(566 bce) Buddhist - The original Buddha
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Bodhisattva
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Buddhist - concept developed by the Mahayana sect – Compassionate beings before & after Buddha postponed Nirvana to aid and guide people (Compared to Christian Saints)
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Hinayana
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Buddhist - focused on personal pursuit of Nirvana – closer to Buddhism’s original teaching
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Mahayana
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Buddhism - elevated Buddha to divine status and added many new teachings & legends
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Pitakas
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Buddhist -Teachings of Buddha - written in 3 main books - Baskets of the Law
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Sutras
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Buddhist - Instructional chapters in the Patikas
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Zen
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Chinese - sect that developed in China – influenced by Daoism – emphasized meditation & visionary insight and the awakened mind.
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Petrine Doctrine
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Roman - doctrine advanced by Leo the great in the 5th century – The bishop of Rome gained preeminence as the temporal representative of Christ on earth
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Nicene Creed
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Statements of the Christian Faith - First worldwide Ecuminical Council
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Benedict
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Established the first Western Monastic community in Southern Italy – Founder of the Benedictine Rule – sound mind – sound body
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Scholastica
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Sister of Benedictine – started a monastery for women - most people believed that women were the daughters of Eve
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Iconography
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Iconography - study of the symbolic importance of signs or emblems – Evangelist as 4 winged creatures –
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Catacombs
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Romans - provided us with the earliest evidence of Christian art – Subterranean burial chambers outside of Rome – Usually for the important people – Richly decorated with frescoes
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Orans
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Christian - position – arms upraised in prayer
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Jerome
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Translated the Vulgate – basically translated the Old & New Testament into Latin
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Ambrose
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Roman - Bishop of Milan – responsible for writing many of the early Christian Hymns
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Gregory
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Roman Aristocrat who became Pope – Established the structure for ruling the church – responsible for converting England to Christianity
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Augustine
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Christian - greatest philosopher of Christian Antiquity- Wrote Confessions & City of God – Advocated dualistic Model
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Dualistic Model
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sets up a separation – unclean body vs purified soul – separated mind & body – Viewed the Hebrew Bible as a symbolic guide to Christian belief – taking events from the OT as symbolic of the NT – ie comparing the Ark as symbolic of the physical body of Christ
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Gregorian Chant
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derived from the ancient Jewish rituals of chanting prayers & psalms. Designed to celebrate the sacrifice of Christ body in blood – monophonic & acopella
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Stupas
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Buddhist - beehive shaped burial mounds of brick & stone – 8 originally constructed to hold cremated ashes of Buddha
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Mandala
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Budhhist - Designs of the universe – used as a visual aid to meditation – circular
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Pagoda
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Chinese - Buddhist - multi tiered tower -transformed the stupa into a work of architecture in China
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Muhammad
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Islam - (570-632) – little formal education – went into dessert – confronted by Gabriel – told him to proclaim himself Allah (age 41) – Mecca: Birthplace of Muhammad – Medina: Muhammad immigrated there
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Ramadan
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Islam - is the ninth month of the Islamic year –for prayer & fasting
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Hajj
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Islam - a pilgrimage to Mecca
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Jihad
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Islam - Holy war of fervent religious struggle
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Sunni
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Islam - Orthodox version of faith – 90% of Muslims are Sunni Leadership chosen by the people
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Shiite
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Islam - Only Muhammad’s direct descendents can rule. Claims descent through Muhammad cousin Ali – Most live in Iraq & Iran
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Caliphs
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Islam - Successors to Muhammad
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Sufism
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Islam - followers of Muhammad who chose a meditative world renouncing lifestyle. Committed to purification of the soul. Mystical union with God through meditation & prayer
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Rumi
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Islam - Great Sufi minister & Poet
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The Thousand and one Nights
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Islam - Collection of Prose tales -assembled over 200 years – Brought together tales from India, Arabia, Persia
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Scheherazade
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Islam - is the fictional storyteller of The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.
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Arabesque
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Islam - kind of ornament that draws from plant & flower forms – motifs are repeated
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4 Noble truths
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Buddhist - there is suffering, there is cause to suffer, there is an end to suffering, there is a path out of suffering
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Han Dynasty
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Chinese - (206 bce-220 ce) -Classical Age for China-developed Silk Road, tripled size of China, restored honor to Confucius
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Confucius
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Chinese - (551-479 bce) Works are in Analects, Chinas most notable thinker, self educated teacher - how to live the good/right life
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Qin Dynasty
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Chinese - (221-206 bce) Emporer chin - oppressive time - lots of standardizations, promoted silk industry
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Quran
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Islam - “recitation” Holy book of Islam, Teachings of Muhammad,114 chapters,Guidelines for worship/moral instruction
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Hellenistic
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Greek - art/architecture was Larger,more theatrical, had broader range of subject, portrayed in real life ways
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