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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6
A popular art form perfected by the Romans that uses bits of stone, colored glass or marble to create designs or pictures is the |
mosaic
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One of Rome's greatest engineering accomplishments was the building of ____________ which included the largest internal space ever built until modern times. |
the Pantheon
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The Torah, or law, is the principal scripture of Judaism and consists of the five Books of Moses also called the |
Pentateuch
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With their extravaganzas(the ludi) held in huge arenas, the Romans invented |
mass entertainment
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Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity, was born |
around 4 B.C.
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The ___________ was a unique Roman structure that symbolized power and domination. This massive structure symbolized the bondage of vanquished enemies in its representation of the yoke of oxen. |
The Triumphal Arch
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____________ is the only surviving city from the Roman Republic. |
Pompeii
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Roman engineers exploited the ____________ on a mammoth scale. |
A belief in only one God.
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The revival of education and the arts under Charles the Great (Charlemagne) is known as the |
Carolingian Renaissance.
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7
The principle scripture of Islam is |
the Koran
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In the Epic of Beowulf, at the end of the story Beowulf kills Grendel's mother. What happens to his sword? |
It melts like ice.
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St. Augustine taught that to God all time is |
present
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"I believe in one God," is a brief summary of the |
Nicean Creed
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The founder of Islam was the prophet |
Muhammad
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Augustine viewed the history of mankind as a war between to cities, the City of God and the |
the City of Man
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The geometric symbol of ____________ was adopted by early Christians as sufficient to symbolize the sacrifice of Christ. |
the cross
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____________ is credited as being the first Bishop of Rome and thus the first Pope. |
Peter
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7
Feudalism of the middle ages divided Europe into geographical units |
small enough to be controlled by one man
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4
Zeus |
(Jupiter) Leader, god of the thunderbolt
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Hera |
(juno) Long-suffering wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage and domestic stability
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poseidon |
(neptune) god of the sea and earthshaker (earth-quakes)
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Demeter |
(ceres) sister of Zeus and goddess of agriculture. mother of persephone and fertility symbol
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Hades |
(pluto) god of the underworld marriage to persephone
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Pallas Athena |
(minerva) goddess of wisdom, warfare, arts, and crafts. goddess of athens. she has a brow of Zeus.
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Phoibos Apollo |
(sol) son of Zeus and Leto, daughter of the Titans Krios and Phoebe. Sun god, archer, musian, god of truth, light, and healing. Represents principle of intellectual beauty.
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Artemis |
(diana, cynthia) sister to Apollo, virgin goddess of the moon and the hunt.
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Aphrodite |
(venus) goddess of love and physical beauty. She was the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Raised from the waves of al botticelli.
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Hephaistos |
(vulcan) lame backsmith god who made armor for heroes, forged the thunderbolts for Zeus.
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Hermes |
(mercury) son of Zeus and Maia daughter of Altas. Messager and general handyman of Zeus. God of commerce, traders, travelers, and thieves.
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Ares |
(mars) son of Zeus and Hera. God of war.
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Hestia |
(vesta) virgin sister of Zeus and goddess of hearth and home. Later replaced among the Twelve by Dionysos.
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Dionysos |
(bacchus) son of Zeus and mortal woman Semele. became god of the theatre.
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Eros |
(cupid) eternal child of Aphrodite and Hephaistos spirit of love and darts.
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Pan |
Son of Hermes, woodland god with goatlike horns and hoofs. Player of the pipes.
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Nemesis |
Avenging goddess, the principle of retribution.
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Hebe |
Goddess of youth and cupbearer to the gods.
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Iris |
Goddess of the rainbow and sometimes messager of the gods
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Hymen |
Son of Aphrodite and Dionysos god of the marriage festival.
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The three graces |
Aglaia (splendor) Euphrosyne (mirth) and Thalia (good cheer) happy life
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The Archaic Period 750-500 BC |
A period quite well known through Hesiod once won a poetry contest but apparently knew little else but bad luck.
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Patricians |
Justice was dispenced by them. They generally rendered decisions based on the largest bribe.
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Agora |
In ancient Greece, a marketplace or public square.
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Oligarchical |
Although the old aristocratic, oligarchical party continued to be a force in Athens, the years following the Persian wars marked the complete triumph of democracy of Athens.
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4
The Ionian Philosphers The first philosopher? |
Miletus where Thales was their leading thinker. He answered that the basic elements of water for all things need water for their existence, and water itself changes to a gas (steam) when heated, or to a solid (ice) when chilled.
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Naturalistic |
First to make informed guesses that were completely naturalistic like the water theory.
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4
A follower Hippocrates was a? |
Greek physician, wrote of the mysterious ailment known as epilepsy.
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4
Another follower was Anaximander he was a student to? ______, he possed the second question how do specific things emerge from basic element? "The Boundless" |
Thales, he rejected physical substances such as water, earth, or air, and simply labeled his basic stuff the "boundless"
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The Boundless |
was a form of being we cannot perceive with our sense. It permeates everything and surrounds everything.
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Herakleitos a later philosopher-scienctist from Ephesos on the Ionian coast asked a third question: What guides the process of change? |
He felt that there must be some sort of controlling force to keep the process of universal change. He denied the possibly of being he felt that it was not static but in a process of flow.
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4
Herakleitos proposed a great Logos that is? |
a guiding force. It sometimes means word.
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4
Pathagoras was one of the most original and engaging Greek Philosophers he taught that _____ was the essence of all things. |
"Numbers" He believed that numbers was more than symbolic that all matter was essentially numerial, that all relationships in the universe could be expressed through numbers.
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Pathagoras is most famous for the formula? |
The Pathagorean Theorem in right angles triangles the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of the other two sides.
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The Geeks created what types of plays? |
tragedy, comedy, melodrama, mime ballet, the art and craft of acting, costume, and set design, stage machinery, and the theatrical structure itself.
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Deus ex machina? |
The god in a machine.
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What is the double reed pipe somewhat like the modern obeo? |
Aulos
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The first dramatist was |
Aeschylus was a prize winning playwright he wrote about ninety plays of which just seven survive. The trilogy is called Oresteia.
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Agamemnon was a drama of? |
Murder, adultery and revenge
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The second play is? |
Libation Bearers play that brings the problems of vengeance and justice to a head. Apollo has ordered orestes to avenge his fathers murder by killing his mother and her lover. Orestes is damned if he does and damned if he doesn't.
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The third play is? |
Eumenides
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The age of Periciles 495-429 BC Two other playwrights were? |
Sophocles and Euipides who lived and worked in Athens during the Golden Age which was ruled by Pericles.
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Sophocles was a general, a priest and the most popular? |
Dramatist in Athenian history. He wrote 123 plays and won first prize more than 20 times he never placed lower than second. of the seven that survived only Oedipus the king.
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Euripides 484-406 BC was the _______ tragedian directed his tragic vision towards psychological drama with plots revolving around the plight of the underdog. |
third
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Socrates was? |
A teacher who taught Plato and Xenophon. He questioned the Athenians why they live the way they do.
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Aristophanes was the former writer of? |
The old comedy. He used the stage to attack Socrates and Euripides.
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Son of Athenian orator Demosthenes was a student of Aristotle and became king was____? |
Alexander
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6
Hellenism is? |
The name of the civilization disseminated throughout the Mediterranean and the Near East in the wake of Alexander's conquests.
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Plato was a student of? |
Socrates
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Plato wrote the? |
Allegory of the cave
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Plato believed that reality was consisted of Ideas such as? |
Forms- all basic things, forms that exist beyond the grasps of the senses or even the mind. They are pure form.
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The concern for the soul led Plato to ponder the role of poetry, music, and the other arts. He believed they influenced us in three ways? |
1-provoke action
2-help strengthen character (or conversely it could undermine it) 3- suspend normal will power and thus make people unaware of their actions. |
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The emphasis upon ethical imperatives led to the Greek doctrine of ? |
ethos-Plato was the most eloquent advocate. it was concerned with the ethical, idea, or universal element in the art work, as distinguished from its emotional appeal.
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Plato believed that men and women were dominated by one of three qualities? He also divided people into three classes of metal? |
1-appetite
2-spirit 3-intellect 1-iron 2-silver 3-gold |
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Platonic virtues where qualities of ? |
temperance, courage, wisdom, and justice
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Aristotle 384-322 BC He believed that Platos "ideal" idea about a chair did not exist for him apart form the actual? |
wood and metal that composed it.
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Socrates was tried in 399 BC before a jury of 501 citizens on charges of what? what were the unspoken charges? |
of impropriety towards the gods and corruption of the young.
1- being the teacher of Alcibiades the traitor 2-associating with the thirty tyrants 3-accepting money for teaching argumentation 4-causing political and intellectual unrest |
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Aristotle's _____ is a critical examination of the nature of art and what constitutes good art. |
Poetics
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The Poetics is the first clear statement of in the history of ______ correlating the experience of a work of art with the skill of making the work itself. |
aesthetics
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7
who was the first great artist, a legendary Minoan artificer who creted figures inwood, bronze, and stone, and even invented the Minoan maze that housed the fabled Minotaur in Greek Mythology? |
Daidalos
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7
The invasion of Greek-Speaking _____ ended Mycenaean dominance, disrupted the lives of all the Hellenes, and greatly affected the once flourishing arts of sculpture and architecture. |
Dorians
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7
Pottery has been practiced since the? |
Stone Age
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Pottery decoration had evolved into a vocabulary of? |
Meanders, concentric circles, horizontal bands, wheel patterns, shaded triangles, swastikas, and zigzags.
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_____ vase can symbolically mark the beginning of the Homeric Ages of ca 750-700 BC |
Heroic
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7
Using an incisive_____-_______ ________ vase painters such as Exekias. |
black-figure technique
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The luminous new _______ -_______ style allowed secondary markings such as hair, muscles, details of dress, and even discreet shading. |
red-figured
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Greek women statues always stand with their feet with ____ _______, one are at the side and the _____ _______. Men are always striding ______ with the left foot, their hands at their ______. |
feet together, other raised
forward, sides |
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The _______ convention of the tradition of keeping all heads on approximately the same level, gives exceptional clarity to Greek relief art. |
isocephalic
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According to Aristotle there are only two criteria for art? |
1- it should entertain and instruct
2-it should disclose not secrets to the few but treasures to the many. |
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Greek architecture The builders placed a _____ on top of the and across the posts. Roof beans (______) were placed at regular intervals to link the opposite ______ and then covered with a rood. |
lintel, joists, lintel
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a typical temple floor plan shows a _____ a central room housing the statue of the deity. |
cella
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Large and important temples has exterior columns on all four sides forming a colonnade or _______? |
peristyle
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The plan appears to be simple, but a diagram of ________ reveals a progression beyond the basic post and lintel system. |
facade
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The triangular space at each end, the _______ was usually decorated with large scale high reliefs or freestanding sculpture. |
pediment
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What are the three classic Greek orders? |
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
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What is the oldest of Greek temples styles characterized by sturdy columns with no base and an unornamented cushionlike capital. |
doric
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What is the most ornate style of Greek architecture little used by the Greeks but preferred by the Romans tall, slender, channeled columns topped by an elaborate capital decorated with stylized acanthus leaves. |
corinthian
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What style of Greek classical architecture using slender fluted columns and capitals decorated with scrolls and volutes? |
ionic
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What is the larges doric temple ever built on the Greek mainland? |
Parthenon-built under the direction of architects Ictinus and Callicrates the temple of Athena Parthenos or the Parthenon was created as the crowning glory of the Acropolis. It has statues of Athena that were created by Pheidias.
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The first of these lyrics poets who sang with the lyre was? |
Archilochos of Paros a major musical innovator.
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The first Caesar was? |
Gaius Julious Caesar 102-44 BC saw himself as the best man to rescue the foundering republic. He had impressive credentials, the Julian gens was among Romes oldest and most powerful.
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Caesars adopted grandnephew was named? |
Octavian
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Who was considered Romes first emperor? |
Octavian- he accepted the Senate titles of Augustus "First citizen"
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What was named the Roman peace______ that began with Caesar Augustus in 27 BC. |
Pax Romana
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8
What is the Edict of Milan? |
Is when Constantine granted freedom of worship throughout the Empire.
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What does Epicureanism mean? |
An innocuous term substituted for one considered to be offensive or socially unacceptable, passing away for dying.
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Who taught Stoicism? |
Zeno the Stoic. Who lived and taught in Athens. He believed in common sense.
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The ________ came from Rome from the Academy founded by Plato? |
Neoplatonism-the Neoplatonists began with the Platonic concept of Ideas as the true reality.
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St. Augustine was a Neoplatonist in his youth, he laid the foundation for the doctrine of the early Christian church in his monumental _________? |
The city of God
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What we know about Greek work exits in _______ copies? |
Roman
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Who wrote the Aeneid? |
Virgil who was appointed by Augustus.
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The Greeks believed that people should and could be better than they were that they could achieve? |
Freedom, beauty, truth, and justice.
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Who was the 6th and last good emperor? |
Marcus Aurelius 480 BC-AD 180
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Who controlled northern Italy from about 400 yrs and even ruled Rome for nearly a century? |
Etruscans- We know more about their art than any other culture.
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Greek mythology a "chimera" was usually a what? |
fire-breathing monster with the head of a lion, body of a goat, and a serpent for a tail.
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What was the basic requirements for urban life? |
fortifications, streets, bridges, aqueducts, sewers, town houses, apartment houses, and recreational, shopping, and civil centers.
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What became a prototype of temples honoring notable emperors? |
Maison Carree
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The _______ portrayed people as they were and the Greeks depicted them as they should be. |
Romans
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The ________ seated about 50,000 spectators around an arena. |
The Colosseum
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The Colosseum is an _________ a structure invented by the Romans as a derivation of Greek theatre design. |
amphitheatre
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The ______ was dedicated to the worship of the seven planetary gods, the ________ is a stunning human version of the sky itself, the Dome of Heaven. |
The Pantheon
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Who was the last Antoine emperors? He was an unusual combination of distinguished general and Stoic philosopher. |
Marcus Aurelius
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Who seized power from his co-regent? He also represented the last effective authority in the empire doomed to destruction from external assault and from internal corruption and decadence. |
Constantine 272-337
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Roman virtues of duty are? |
honor, and love of country were true.
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Who was born in UR? |
Abraham the Israelite
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Who was the first king of Philistines? |
Saul
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The height of Israelite political power was reached with the Twelve Tribes of Israel under who? |
King David
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What was the name of the two tribes? |
Judah and Benjamin
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Who exiled the citizens of Judah known in history and the Babylonian Captivity (586-538)? |
Nebuchadnezzar II
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10
The four unique aspects of Judaism are? |
1-Monotheism there was only one God and he came to be viewed as universal.
2-Covenant God chose Israel to be his people and they accepted him as their God. 3-Graven images, images of God or of any living thing were prohibited. 4-The name of God (Yahweh, meaning he causes to be or the creator) was not to be taken in vain was not to be spoken. |
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God's commandments were inscribed on tablets of stone and subsequently amplified in the _____? |
Torah- it consists of the first five books of the Bible or the so-called Pentateuch or Moses words.
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The Torah means? |
Law but also means teaching or direction.
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_______ was the only god and he demanded the highest ethical standards. |
Yahweh
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Who was the first and perhaps the most important of the notable eighth century prophets that preached against luxury, corruption, and selfishness? |
Amos
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Who was the prophet of faith, preaching an abiding trust in the providence of God? |
Isaiah
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Who preached that the universality of the faith and of the personal relationship between the individual Jew and his God? |
Ezekiel
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Who was known as the great architect of Jewish ethical monotheism? |
Second Isaiah
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Jesus of Nazareth the early Christian was called? |
Messiah
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Jesus was born in what year? |
We now call it 4 BC
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______ was what Jesus did when he died and came back. |
Incarnation
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Jesus addressed Peter by summarizing his teachings as? |
Feed my Sheep
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Who was the first a persecutor of Christians and later one of the most ardent missionaries of the faith? Who said, "there is neither Jew nor Greek." |
Paul
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In the Greek of the New Testament, "word" is a translation of ? |
Logos a word as old as the Greek language introduced by Herakleitos in the fifth century.
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The Bible has two main divisions which are? |
The Old Testament and the New Testament it was written in Greek from about 40 AD to late 150.
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The Bible is divided into three parts? |
The Hebrew Scripture (old testament) consists of the Law (Pentateuch of Torah), the prophets, and the Hagiographa (sacred writings)
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Christ opens four of the seven seals, releasing the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse which are? |
conquest, war, famine, and death
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The Graeco-Roman world was gradually superseded by two strains of religion which are? |
First by Judaism and later by Christianity
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The advent of Christianity also caused a major change in values which where? |
prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice which were accepted as the four cardinal virtues which were faith, hope, and love.
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For several centuries before and after Christ there flourish a distinctive writing known as the? |
apocalypse or revelation. Apocalyptic thought was based on the Jewish eschatological view of history.
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The ______ was the consecrated bread and wine commemorating Christs sacrifice on the cross. |
Eucharist- earliest known church building is a Greek peristyle house in Dura-Europos, Syria
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