Human Systems Unit Test

Front 1

LDL

Back 1

Low density Lipoprotein
high levels of these can lead to the development of blocked blood vessels, which can result in high blood pressure and/or heart attack
You want low LDLs

Front 2

HDL

Back 2

GOOD cholesterol
High density lipoproteins
you want HIGH HDLs

Front 3

Vitamins

Back 3

organic nutrient we must obtain from diet, but is required in small amounts
TWO TYPES:
1. fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, K

2. water soluble: Vitamin B and C

Front 4

Minerals

Back 4

simple inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts
examples:
calcium, phosphorus, iron

Front 5

saliva

Back 5

salivary glands deliver saliva to oral cavity.
saliva contains:
1. glycoprotein- protects soft lining of mouth and lubricates food for swallowing

2. buffers- neutralize food acid, prevent tooth decay

3. antibacterial agents- kill many bacteria that enter mouth with food

4.*amylase- a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes startch

Front 6

Heimlich maneuver

Back 6

if blockage in pharynx, do the maneuver

Dr. Henry Heimlich invented in the 1970s

push fist into stomach, diaphragm should be forced up, repeat until object is dislodged

Front 7

Heartburn

Back 7

acid reflux

esophageal sphincter does not close all the way/ properly, back-flow of CHYME goes into the esophagus, and causes heart burn
Treat with antacids

Front 8

Ulcers

Back 8

caused by:
1. a bacteria: helicobacter pylori
2. mucous fails to coat stomach

treat with pepto-bismol (bismuth)

Front 9

Location of most absorption in humans

Back 9

small intestine
*villi
*microvilli

Front 10

Digestive function of pancreas

Back 10

the pancreas and liver are accessory glands that contribute to digestion in the small intestine.

the pancreas produces a pancreatic juice which is a mixture of digestive enzymes and alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidity of chyme.

Front 11

21.10
The liver

Back 11

produces bile. bile emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest

Front 12

fat is first digested in the

Back 12

small intestine

Front 13

the colon functions

Back 13

to compact undigested materials (feces)
it absorbs water, vitamins, and eliminates undigested material to the rectum

Front 14

21.12
The percent of water reabsorbed in the colon is

Back 14

90%

Front 15

glycogen is stored where?

Back 15

the liver

Front 16

21.16
cause of malnourishment?

Back 16

Results from the long term absence from diet of one or more of the essential nutrients

person lacks one of the essential nutrients:
essential fatty acids
essential amino acids
vitamins
minerals

Front 17

21.16
essential nutrients include:

Back 17

an ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT is a material that must be obtained in preassembled form because an animal's cells can't make them from any raw material.
THESE ARE:

essential fatty acids
essential amino acids
vitamins
minerals

Front 18

21.16
essential AMINO acids

Back 18

eight amino acids of the 20 total, which adult humans cannot make are the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Front 19

21.16
an essential fatty acid

Back 19

example: liloneic acid, which makes some phospholipids of cell membranes

Front 20

21.21
LEPTIN

Back 20

is a hormone that regulates appetite in mammals
increased levels of leptin decreases appetite

decreased levels of leptin, increases apetite

Front 21

21.14
Animals eat to obtain

Back 21

1. need fuel to power all the body's activities
2. organic molecules to build animal's own molecules
3. essential nutrients/substances the animal cannot make for itself but must obtain from food

Front 22

21.5
Functions of the tongue

Back 22

1. helps taste food
2. shapes food into a BOLUS- ball of food in mouth

Front 23

21.6
Peristalsis

Back 23

The involuntary muscles of the esophagus move food down the esophagus.
is also used in the intestinal system, to move food along

Front 24

21.11
Hepatic portal vein

Back 24

transports nutrients absorbed from intestines to the liver

Front 25

21.18
Iron's function in the body

Back 25

electron carrier molecules
hemoglobin

Front 26

21.19
Recommended Dietary allowances (RDAs)

Back 26

varied diet with minimum amounts of nutrients needed each day as determined by a national scientific panel

Front 27

21.21
Over-nourishment; diseases associated

Back 27

consuming more food energy than the body needs for normal metabolism

diseases associated include: cardiovascular disease, colon/breast cancer, diabetes

Front 28

21.8
Gastric glands secretion

Back 28

1. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen- the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin

2. Parietal cells= secrete hydrogen ions and chloride ions which combine to form HCl

3. mucous cells secrete mucus= lube and protects stomach lining

Front 29

Aerobic respiration waste product

Back 29

CO2

Front 30

22.1
define breathing

Back 30

3 Phases of Gas Exchange:

1. breathing
2. Transport of gases
3. Cells take up O2 from blood and release CO2 back into the blood

Front 31

22.2
define respiratory surface

Back 31

must be made of:
1. living cells
2. moist

Front 32

Which animal has a respiratory system that does not rely on a circulatory system?

Back 32

grasshopper

Front 33

22.3
Characteristics of gills

Back 33

1. advantage: respiratory system is always moist

2. disadvantage: only 3-5% of the oxygen is dissolved in water

total surface area of gills, is greater that that of the total body surface area of a fish

Front 34

22.3
"Ventilation"

Back 34

any movement that increases the flow of the surrounding water/ air over a respiratory surface

Front 35

22.3
advantage of exchanging gas in water

Back 35

advantage: respiratory system is always moist

1. advantage: respiratory system is always moist

disadvantage: only 3-5% of the oxygen is dissolved in water

Front 36

22.6
Location of Vocal cords

Back 36

located in the larynx, just after the pharynx, or back of the throat.

Front 37

22.6
Pathway of oxygen in/carbon dioxide out

Back 37

oxygen in:
1. nostrils
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchus
6. bronchioles
7. alveoli

Front 38

Animals need oxygen to

Back 38

perform cellular respiration, and obtain energy from glucose

Front 39

Gas exchange occurs on

Back 39

respiratory surfaces

Front 40

the part of the brain that controls breathing is

Back 40

the Medulla

Front 41

22.6
Nasal cavities

Back 41

filter, warm, humidify, and sample air for odors

Front 42

22.7secondhand smoke risks

Back 42

some toxins lead to lung cancer
smoking is the leading cause of emphysema
exposes a person to more than 4,000 chemicals in one drag

Front 43

22.7
cause of smoker's cough

Back 43

cilia on cells lining respiratory tract are irritated by tobacco and can be destroyed.
cilia's job is to move particles and mucous out of the respiratory tract, but if destroyed, coughing is the only way for the particles to be released

Front 44

22.8
VITAL CAPACITY

Back 44

IS THE maximum volume of air we can inhale and exhale during forced breathing

Front 45

22.9
Consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration

Back 45

Based on the CO2 level in the blood, the medulla signals the diaphragm to move, making us breathe.

Front 46

22.10
Place where Blood goes to After it leaves the lungs

Back 46

Blood goes to the heart and from there is pumped to the organs of the body

Front 47

The signal that causes the first breath of a new born

Back 47

increase in concentration of CO2 in the blood

Front 48

22.11Function of Hemoglobin

Back 48

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing pigment that turns red when bound to O2

hemoglobin helps in the transport of O2. O2 binds to hemoglobin and is transported in the blood this way.

a red blood cell is packed with ~250million molecules of hemoglobin to help transport O2.

it also helps
2. transport CO2, and
3. assists in buffering blood