Human Physiology Chapter 2

Front 1

Identify the different types of carbohydrates & lipids, and give examples of each type

Back 1

-Monosaccharides-simple sugar(Glucose, Galactose, Fructose)
-Disaccharide- two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond. (sucrose)
-Polysaccharide-several monosaccharides joined together

Front 2

Define Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Back 2

-Dehydration Synthesis (condensation)- hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule, and a hydroxyl group is removed from another to form water
-Hydrolysis (split)- breaks bonds between monosaccharides; add water and split the molecule

Front 3

Describe the nature of phospholipids & prostaglandins

Back 3

-

Front 4

Describe amino acids & explain how peptide bonds between them are formed and broken

Back 4

.

Front 5

Describe the different orders of protein structure, the different functions of proteins, & how protein structure grants specificity of function

Back 5

.

Front 6

Describe the function of nucleotides & distinguish between the structure of DNA & RNA

Back 6

.

Front 7

Explain the law of complementary base pairing, & describe how that occurs between the two strands of DNA

Back 7

.

Front 8

What is a polymer?

Back 8

-substance that has a molecular structure consisting of a large number of similar units bonded together, (plastic)

Front 9

What process(s) are used to break up fates, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Back 9

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Front 10

Explain how dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis reactions occurs in carbohydrates & triglycerides

Back 10

.

Front 11

Monosaccharides examples

Back 11

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Front 12

Disaccharide examples

Back 12

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Front 13

Polysaccharide Example

Back 13

Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch

Front 14

The sequence of amino acids and the structure of a protein is determined by:

Back 14

genetic information

Front 15

Proteins can serve a wider variety of functions than any type of molecule in the body. Check the statements that correctly describe these functions.

Back 15

-carries oxygen in the blood
-transports lipids in the blood
-forms micelles that face aqueous environments

Front 16

Phospholipids mixed in water tend to group together so that their polar parts face surrounding water molecules forming:

Back 16

micelles

Front 17

There are _____ different amino acids that can be used to form a protein.

Back 17

20

Front 18

Four nitrogenous bases

Back 18

-Guanine
-Thymine
-Cytosine
-Adenine

Front 19

DNA Structure- Double Helix

Back 19

-Adenine, Thymine
-Guanine, Cytosine
-Thymine, Adenine
-Adenine, Thymine
-Cytosine, Guanine
-Thymine, Adenine

Front 20

_____ are the subunits of nucleic acids bonded together in dehydration synthesis to form long polynucleotides

Back 20

nucleotides

Front 21

Amino acids contain:

Back 21

An amino group on one end of the molecule and a carboxyl group on another end

Front 22

Identify the complimentary DNA strand to ATTCGA.

Back 22

TAAGCT

Front 23

The structure of a protein can be described at _____ different levels

Back 23

4

Front 24

The _____level of structure describes the sequence of amino acids in the particular protein. This is the _____structure

Back 24

-first, primary

Front 25

Weak___ bonds may form between the hydrogen atom of an amino acid group and a(n) _____atom from a different amino acid nearby. This causes the polypeptide chain to assume a particular shape, the ____ structure of the protein.

Back 25

hydrogen,secondary

Front 26

When the polypeptide chains fold upon themselves they produce a ____ structure. This 3-d shape is unique for each protein.

Back 26

tertiary

Front 27

A protein composed of a number of polypeptide chains bonded_____together such as hemoglobin forms a ______structure.

Back 27

covalently, quaternary

Front 28

Disaccharides and _____ are bonded together ______ by a type of reaction called ____ synthesis

Back 28

-polysaccharides, covalently, dehydration

Front 29

Rapid hydrolysis of triglycerides can cause a decreased pH and an increase of blood levels of _______

Back 29

ketone bodies

Front 30

In this type of reaction, water molecules are split off as peptide bonds are produced between amino acids:

Back 30

dehydration synthesis

Front 31

Prostaglandins functions include;

Back 31

-regulation of blood vessel diameter
-ovulation
-uterine contraction during labor
-inflammation reaction
-blood clotting
-protein synthesis

Front 32

Sufficient amounts of ketone bodies in the blood will lower the blood pH. This is known as

Back 32

ketoacidosis

Front 33

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

Back 33

peptide

Front 34

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of

Back 34

secondary structure of proetin

Front 35

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

Back 35

hydrophobic portions

Front 36

When forming a semi-solid gel such as gelatin, what type of molecule does the process of protein coagulation entrap?

Back 36

water

Front 37

The _____ effect of phopholipids prevents the lungs from collapsing due to surface tension forces.

Back 37

surfactant

Front 38

Molecules in the lipid category have a common physical property. They are all:

Back 38

insoluble in polar solvents

Front 39

Nucleotides in RNA differ from those in DNA. A ______contains the sugar_____. The base _____is found in place of ________. ______ is composed of a ____ polynucleotide stand. While ______ is ____ stranded.

Back 39

-ribonucleotide, ribose, uracil, thymine, RNA, single, DNA, double

Front 40

The general formula for carbohydrates is:

Back 40

C H O; 1:2:1 ratio

Front 41

Two monosaccharides can be joined covalently to form a(n):

Back 41

disaccharide

Front 42

Sugar molecules in the nucleotides of DNA are a type of pentose (five-carbon) sugar called _____.

Back 42

deoxyribose