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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Biological variation

The combination of size and level of isolation of a population; their adaptations to environmental stresses and ecological pressures.

How did biological diversity change during the age of exploration?

Originally everything had its place (biblical dogma). No variation.


After exploration: discovery of races, stocks and the diversity among human groups

What is the historical view of human variation known as eugenics?

The governmental and political control over who should or should not reproduce.

How did early scientists measure variation? What is the cranial capacity?

Anthropometry- the physical measurement of the the human body form.


Craniology- the study of the cranium or skull.


Cranial capacity- fill the cranial vault with B's or seeds to measure it's volume,

What is the difference between one who is classified as dolichocephalic and one who is brachiocephalic?

Dolichocephalic: 74.99=narrow and long-headed (African)


Brachycephalic: >80.00= broad and round-headed (Asain, Native American)

What did these techniques to support views about criminals and intelligence?

Criminology: these types of measurements (skull shape, size, capacity) are used on identification of certain individuals.


Cranial capacity: big=smart


Biological determinism: biology determines behavior/culture

What did these techniques to support views about criminals and intelligence?

Criminology: these types of measurements (skull shape, size, capacity) are used on identification of certain individuals.


Cranial capacity: big=smart


Biological determinism: biology determines behavior/culture

What is the difference in the typological and population approach?

Typological: based on those sets of discrete groups (types, categories) in which all humans must be classified, contributed to construction of racist views (social placement of certain groups)


Population: The possibility of overlap in genetic characteristics, accounts for range of variability of our species

Is there validity to the social construction of race or the biological construction of race?

Biological: no, there is a larger amount of variation occurring within the groups than between.

Is there validity to the social construction of race or the biological construction of race?

Biological: no, there is a larger amount of variation occurring within the groups than between.

What is the definition of adaptation?

The degree to which an organism is designed to operate successfully within a given environment.

Is there validity to the social construction of race or the biological construction of race?

Biological: no, there is a larger amount of variation occurring within the groups than between.

What is the definition of adaptation?

The degree to which an organism is designed to operate successfully within a given environment.

Give some examples of adaptations that humans possess.

Snoring, morning sickness, babies cuteness

How does human plasticity contribute to the species being adaptable?

Very flexible in terms of biological or environmental adaptability; can make changes quicker than others

What are the physiological responses to high altitude living, intense Solar radiation?

High altitude living: increases red blood cell production


Solar radiation: increased production of melanin.

What are the physiological responses to high altitude living, intense Solar radiation?

High altitude living: increases red blood cell production


Solar radiation: increased production of melanin.

What is acclimatization?

Environmental coping mechanisms.

What can alter an organisms homeostatic level?

Stress


Strain


Intensity and duration to a stress or strain

How are stress, strain and response related?

Stress and strain cause a response to cope with the stress and strain.

Can a response also be a stress? How and why?

Yes, too much of a response can be negative.


Example: sweating is good to cool down but sweating too much can lead to dehydration.

How does the intensity and duration of stresses affect the response?

The level at which the response is made depends on intensity and duration.

What does the human body do to respond to heat stress?

1. Direct: get away from stress (go to the shade, behavioral)


2. Indirect: sweat a lot= remain inactive (behavioral and physiological)


3. Eventually adapt to a hotter environment, new homeostatic level= higher body temp (long-term physiological, perhaps genetic)


4. Overshoot effect =overcompensation of control mechanisms= heat stroke (high temp) or heat exhaustion (low electrolytes)- a failure of temperature regulation system


5. Failure of the system= death

What does the human body do to respond to heat stress?

1. Direct: get away from stress (go to the shade, behavioral)


2. Indirect: sweat a lot= remain inactive (behavioral and physiological)


3. Eventually adapt to a hotter environment, new homeostatic level= higher body temp (long-term physiological, perhaps genetic)


4. Overshoot effect =overcompensation of control mechanisms= heat stroke (high temp) or heat exhaustion (low electrolytes)- a failure of temperature regulation system


5. Failure of the system= death

What does the human body do to respond to cold stress?

Stress= cold stress


1st strain: vasoconstriction= blood vessels close up, reduces heat loss, body temp drops


2nd strain: vasodilation= blood vessels open up, let's more blood in, body temp rises


Response: shivering= burn up energy reserves

What does Bergmann rule say?

His rule says, in two animals of similar shape but different size, the smaller will lose heat quicker and will therefore be better adapted to warmer climates where the ability to lose heat is advantageous.

What does Allen's rule say?

Mammals in colder climates will have shorter and stockier limbs, hotter climates will have longer and more narrow limbs.

How do Allen and Bergmann's rules apply to humans?

More or less their observations were correct in human populations but don't forget about ranges of variations.

What's study contributes to our knowledge of disease patterns in contemporary modern groups?

Epidemiology

Give examples of infectious and noninfectious diseases. How do they differ?

Infectious communicable: able to transmit from one person to another. Ex) flu or TB


Infectious noncommunicable: cannot be transmitted from one to another, needs to have a go-between or vector. Ex) malaria or plague


Non-infectious: diseases caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Ex) heart disease, diabetes, cancer

Give examples of infectious and noninfectious diseases. How do they differ?

Infectious communicable: able to transmit from one person to another. Ex) flu or TB


Infectious noncommunicable: cannot be transmitted from one to another, needs to have a go-between or vector. Ex) malaria or plague


Non-infectious: diseases caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Ex) heart disease, diabetes, cancer

How do transmission rates differ in populations of different sizes and densities?

Hunter and gather:


1) more mobile=less contact between groups.


2) Smaller population densities= disease dies out more quickly.


3) better nutrition= healthier and more varied foods


4) shorter lifespan= don't reach an age to develop noninfectious diseases


Agricultural:


1) larger populations= more people to infect and spread


2) poor sanitation= contamination of water.


3) living with animals= increased waste accumulation


4) irrigation: stagnant pools of water


5) poor nutritional state: more food but less varied/ nutritious, Monoceros- more protein deficiency and dental problems


Urbanized/ industrialized groups:


1) advances in tech and medical result in improved life expectancy and increased lifespan

How do transmission rates differ in populations of different sizes and densities?

Larger pops means more people to infect and spread to.


Smaller populations the diseases die out more quickly.

What is the difference between endemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases? Give examples of each.

Endemic- maintained in a low but constant frequency. Ex) common cold.


Epidemic- a disease that spreads, grows and develops rapidly and extensively, infecting many people at the same time. Ex) measles and flu


Pandemic- a disease that reaches epidemic proportions in multiple geographical regions. Ex) cholera

What is the difference between endemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases? Give examples of each.

Endemic- maintained in a low but constant frequency. Ex) common cold.


Epidemic- a disease that spreads, grows and develops rapidly and extensively, infecting many people at the same time. Ex) measles and flu


Pandemic- a disease that reaches epidemic proportions in multiple geographical regions. Ex) cholera

What study contributes to our knowledge of disease patterns in ancient groups?

Paleopathology – the study of the skeletal manifestations of disease.

What is the difference between endemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases? Give examples of each.

Endemic- maintained in a low but constant frequency. Ex) common cold.


Epidemic- a disease that spreads, grows and develops rapidly and extensively, infecting many people at the same time. Ex) measles and flu


Pandemic- a disease that reaches epidemic proportions in multiple geographical regions. Ex) cholera

What study contributes to our knowledge of disease patterns in ancient groups?

Paleopathology – the study of the skeletal manifestations of disease.

What types of diseases are seen in each group? Why?

Hunter and gather:


Endemic infectious disease is, injury related deaths, death of childbirth, infanticide/sacrifice/war


Agriculture:


Disease and epidemic proportions.

What is the difference between endemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases? Give examples of each.

Endemic- maintained in a low but constant frequency. Ex) common cold.


Epidemic- a disease that spreads, grows and develops rapidly and extensively, infecting many people at the same time. Ex) measles and flu


Pandemic- a disease that reaches epidemic proportions in multiple geographical regions. Ex) cholera

What study contributes to our knowledge of disease patterns in ancient groups?

Paleopathology – the study of the skeletal manifestations of disease.

What types of diseases are seen in each group? Why?

Hunter and gather:


Endemic infectious disease is, injury related deaths, death of childbirth, infanticide/sacrifice/war


Agriculture:


Disease of epidemic proportions.

Why are we living longer today?

Advances in technology and medicine which improve life expectancy and increased lifespan.

What is the epidemiological transition?

Infectious disease rates decrease.


Noninfectious disease rates increase.

How do ancient genes confer a disadvantage to contemporary native Americans who suffer from New World syndrome?

Ancient genes coded for efficient fat storage and processing today however in their ancestors these genes have not been selected against so they are genetically predisposed to obesity, heart disease, diabetes, shortened lifespan.