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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Personality
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The sum total of ways in which a person reacts to and interacts with others.
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Personality includes:
1. 2. |
1. Expectations
2. Relationships |
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True or False: Personality is measurable.
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True.
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Personality can also be considered:
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the way people behave when there are no constraints on behavior.
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Personality can be measured by:
1. 2. |
1. Self-Reporting
2. Observer Rating Surveys |
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Which is the most common method of measuring personality?
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Self-reporting
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Which is the more accurate form of personality measurement?
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Observer rating surveys
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What determines personality?
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Genetics
Environmental Factors Age |
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What are the three things that measure personality traits?
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1. Myers-Briggs
2. The Big 5 Model 3. Circumplex Models |
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Myers-Briggs
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Most widely used personality assessment instrument that is unrelated to job performance.
Not consistent over time |
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The Big Five Model measures:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
1. Conscientiousness
2. Neuroticism 3. Extroversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Openness to Experience |
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True or False: the Big 5 Model isn't validated.
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False. The Big 5 model is validated in 20 languages.
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True or False: the Big 5 Model is related to job performance.
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True
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Major Personality Attributes that influence organizational behavior:
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1. Core self-evaluation
2. Type A Personalities 3. Self-Monitoring 4. Proactive Personality |
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Self Evaluation is another way of expressing:
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self-like and self-dislike
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Type A personalities can be described as:
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1. Competitive
2. Urgent 3. Driven |
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What does self-monitoring mean?
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People that are high on self-monitoring adjust their behavior based on the situation.
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What do people with proactive personalities do?
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Identify opportunities, show initiative, takes action and perseveres.
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What are values?
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Basic, enduring convictions that stresses one outcome over another.
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How are values prioritized?
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content and intensity
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True or False: Values are not the foundation of attitudes, organization, motivation, behavior, perceptions, and logic.
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False. Values ARE the foundation of all those things.
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Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response
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Shaping Behvaior
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Punishment
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Causing an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate an undesirable behavior
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True or False: When a behavior is reinforced, it tends to gradually be extinguished.
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False. When behaviors are NOT reinforced, they tend to gradually disappear.
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Extinction
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Eliminating any reinforcement that maintains behavior
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Ability is the assessment of an individual's motivation. True or False?
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False!
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An individual's overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors: intelligence and physical abilities
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True
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True or False:
The performance feedback system says that internal rewards are obtained by individuals when they learn that they personally have performed well on a task that they care about. |
False. This is the definition of the job characteristics model.
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_____ may be implemented by combining tasks, forming natural work units, establishing client relationships, expanding jobs vertically, and opening feedback channels.
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Job enrichment
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True or False:
Piece-rate plans, merit based pay, bonuses, profit sharing, gainsharing, and employee stock ownership plans are all forms of variable-pay programs. |
True!
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True or False:
Quality circles have the authority to find problems, assess alternative actions, and implement a solution. |
False
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True or False:
Gainsharing programs may also be referred to as profit-sharing programs. |
False.
Gainsharing is when where improvements in group productivity determine the total amount of money that is allocated |
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True or False:
ESOPs are company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock as part of their benefits. |
True.
ESOP stands for Employee Stock Ownership Programs |
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true or false:
conflict must be perceived by the parties to it. |
true.
If the parties don't recognize the conflict, there is no conflict. |
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Which view indicates that conflict is a malfunction within a group?
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Traditional
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True or False:
The human relations view of conflict argues that some conflict is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively |
False!
This is the definition of interactionst view of conflict |
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Why are relationship conflicts almost always dysfunctional?
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The friction and interpersonal hostilities inherent in relationship conflicts increases personality clashes and decreases mutual understanding, which hinders the completion of organizational tasks.
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What is the most widely cited example of distributive bargaining?
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Labor-management bargaining.
Labor's representatives come to the bargaining table determined to get as much money as possible out of management. Since every cent more that labor negotiates increases management's costs, each party bargains aggressively and treats the other as an opponent who must be defeated. |
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True or false: initial proposals are presented during the definition of problems and ground-rule setting.
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True.
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True or False:
Brazilians are more likely to use physical contact during negotiations? |
True.
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What is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
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Perception
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What factors influence perception?
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The perceiver, the target/object being perceived, or the context of the situation.
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True or False:
We begin in selective perception because we are unable to take in everything. |
True.
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Bounded rationality indicates what?
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That the decision maker operated within a simplified world: simplified models extract essential features of complex situations.
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How is personality often described?
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In terms of measurable traits like:
shyness agressiveness submissiveness laziness ambitiousness loyalty timidness |
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True or False:
The hierarchy of values tends to be stable. |
True.
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True or False:
The Rokeach Value Survey indicates three types of values. |
False. It identifies two types of values:
Terminal Values - desirable end-states of existence Instrumental Values - modes of behavior; means to achieve terminal values |
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Dominant work values of veterans are:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Hardworking
2. Conservative 3. Conforming 4. Loyal to the org |
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Dominant work values of boomers are:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
1. Success
2. Achievement, 3. ambition, 4. dislike of authority 5. loyalty to career |
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What are the dominant work values of Gen Xers?
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Work/life balance, team-oriented, dislike of rules; loyalty to relationships
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What are the dominant work values of Gen Yers/Nexters?
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Confident, financial success, self-reliant but team-oriented; loyalty to both self and relationships
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True or false:
Job satisfaction and turnover depend on congruency between personality and task according to Holland's Hexagon. |
True.
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On Holland's hexagon, fields that are adjacent to each other are _______ and fields that are opposite each other are ________.
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Similar; Dissimilar.
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True or False:
A person's beliefs and values should align with the company's beliefs and values. |
True. It is easier to find people that match the organization than it is to match people to the organization.
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True or False:
GLOBE and Hofstede are the two frameworks to assess culture. |
True.
Hofstede's framework assess cultures of five factors. GLOBE is an ongoing study with nine factors. |
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What are Hofstede's five factors?
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Power Distance
Individualism/Collectivism Masculinity/Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Long-term/Short-term Orientation |
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Why were emotions originally excluded from organizational behavior model?
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Because emotions were thought to be the antithesis of rationality and thus had no place in the organization.
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True or False:
Moods are less intense and longer lasting feelings that often lack contextual stimulus. |
True.
Emotions are intense feelings that are short-lived and are directed or something. |
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True or False
Emotions are not critical to rational thought. |
False. Emotions are critical because they help in understanding the world around us.
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True or False
Positive interactions occur late in the day at the beginning of the week. |
False.
They occur mid-day at the end of the week. |
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Emotional dissonance
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An employee has to project one emotion while simultaneously feeling another
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What are Felt Emotions?
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Emotions someone actually feels.
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Displayed Emotions are:
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Learned emotions an organization requires employees to display.
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Emotional Intelligence is:
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Someone's ability:
1. to be self-aware. 2. detect emotions in others, 3. manage emotional cues |
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What is organizational culture?
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A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes their organization from other organizations.
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True or false:
Organizational culture is comprised of ten key characteristics. |
False.
It is composed of seven key characteristics: 1. Innovation/Risk Taking 2. Attention to Detail 3. Outcome Orientation 4. People Orientation 5. Team Orientation 6. Aggressiveness 7. Stability |
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True or False:
Culture is descriptive while job satisfaction is evaluative. |
True.
Culture is concerned with how employees PERCEIVE an organization's culture, not how much they like it. Job Satisfaction measures responses to the work environment. |
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True or False:
Organizations have uniform cultures. |
False.
Within organizations, there is a DOMINANT culture that expresses the core of values shared by the majority of employees but there are SUBCULTURES that reflect common problems/situations and experiences. SUBCULTURES mirror DOMINANT cultures but may modify them. |
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True or False:
An organization with a weak culture will have greater influence over its people, increased cohesiveness, and lower employee turnover. |
False.
Strong culture does these things. |
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True or False:
Culture and formalization are similar in that they both seek predictability, orderliness, and consistency. |
True.
Culture controls these things by increasing behavior consistency. Formalization controls these things through policies and procedures. |
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True or False:
A strong culture can be a substitute for formalization. |
True.
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True or False:
There are four basic functions of culture. |
False.
There are FIVE. They are: 1. Defining Boundaries 2. Convey a Sense of Identity 3. Generate Commitment 4. Enhance Social Stability 5. Sense-making and Control Mechanism |
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True or False:
Culture is a liability because it acts as a barrier to change, diversity, and M&As. |
True!
Culture is slow to change - it takes about ten years to change a corporate culture. It also seeks to minimize diversity, embedding prevalent biases and prejudices, and most M&As fail due to cultural incompatibilities. |
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What are the three steps in the socialization process?
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Pre arrival
Encounter Metamorphosis |
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Culture is transmitted to employees through:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Stories to provide explanation
2. Rituals to reinforce key values 3. Material Symbols to convey importance. 4. Language to identify and segregate members. |
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True or False
A weak culture with low risk tolerance and high aggressiveness that focuses on outcomes only is more likely to shape high ethical standards. |
False!
An organization with high risk tolerance, low-to-moderate aggressiveness, and that focuses on means and outcomes is more likely to shape high ethical standards. |
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Positive Culture emphasizes which three things?
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1. Building on employee strengths
2. Rewarding more than punishing. 3. Emphasizing vitality and growth of the employee. |
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Motivation is:
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The processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining an organizational goal.
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True or False:
Intensity is the effort channeled towards organizational goals. |
False.
Direction is the effort channeled toward a goal while Intensity is the amount of effort. Persistence is how long the effort is maintained. |
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True or False:
In Maslow's Hierarchy, the three upper needs are social, esteem, and actualization needs. |
True!
Maslow is broken into lower and upper needs: lower needs are psychological needs and safety needs. higher needs are social, esteem, and actualization needs. |
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True or False:
McGregor's X &Y Theory essential breaks people into two categories: those that dislike work and those that don't. |
True.
Theory X states that people have an inherent dislike for work and must be coerced, controlled, or threatened to work. Theory Y states that people like to work and will exercise direction and self control if committed to objectives. |
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True or False:
In the Herzberg Two-Factory theory, the opposite of Satisfied is dissatisfied. |
False.
The opposite of satisfied is not satisfied. |
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Hygiene Factors in Herzberg's two factory there are:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Quality of Supervision
2. Pay 3. Company Policy 4. Physical Working Conditions 4. Relationships 5. Job Security These are basic things that must be met for someone to work. |
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True or False:
Herzberg's two-factor theory is broken into Hygiene Factors and Motivational Factors. |
True.
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True or False:
The Big Five Model found that emotional stability predicted job performance. |
False!
Conscientiousness predicted job performance. |
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True or False:
Agreeableness refers to one's comfortablness with relationships. |
False.
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True or False:
Values involved judgement because they are what ultimately drives a person to believe in what is good, right, and desirable. |
True.
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True or false:
According to the two-factor theory, you can motivate an employee by offering a merit pay increase. |
False.
You can motivate an employee with an opportunity for advancement. |
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McClelland's need for power is defined as:
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The need to make other behave in a way that they would otherwise not behave in.
To have power over other people's behavior. |
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True or False:
Goal setting theory is well suited for countries like Canada. |
True
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true or false:
consistent monetary rewards are an essential element to a management by objective (MBO) program. |
False.
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Equity Theory
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When individuals compare their outcomes and inputs against those of others
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True or False
Research actively validates Maslow's hierarchy. |
False
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True or False:
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job satifaction |
true.
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McClelland's three needs are:
1. 2. 3. |
1. Achievement
2. Power 3. Affiliation |
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McClelland's three needs are:
1. 2. 3. |
1. Achievement
2. Power 3. Affiliation |
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True or False:
Cognitive evaluation theory is concerned with whether individuals perceive that rewards are distributed equitably |
False.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory Proposes that the introduction of extrinsic rewards for work (pay) that was previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease overall motivation |
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True or False:
Cognitive evaluation theory is concerned with whether individuals perceive that rewards are distributed equitably |
False.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory Proposes that the introduction of extrinsic rewards for work (pay) that was previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease overall motivation |
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True or False:
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, we perceive our outcomes in relation to our inputs, and then we compare our outcome-input ratio with the outcome-input of relevant others. |
False.
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True or False:
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, we perceive our outcomes in relation to our inputs, and then we compare our outcome-input ratio with the outcome-input of relevant others. |
False.
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