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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nutrition
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The science of foods and the substances they contain and their actions within our body
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Diseases that have relationship with diet
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-Heart Disease
-Cancer -Stroke -Diabetes |
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Functional Foods
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-Provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
-EX: Whole Foods, Fortified Foods, or Modified Foods |
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Food
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-Derived from plant or animal resources
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Diet
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-The foods one consumes
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Food Choices based on....
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-Personal Preference
-Habit -Eating for Emotional Comfort -Body Weight and Image -Ethnic Heritage or Tradition -Social Interactions -Availability, Convenience, Economy -The Nutrition and Health Benefits |
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The 6 Classes of Nutrients
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-Carbohydrates
-Proteins -Lipids -Water -Vitamins -Minerals |
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Organic Nutrients
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-Carbohydrates
-Lipids -Proteins -Vitamins |
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Inorganic Nutrients
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-Minerals
-Water |
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Micronutrients
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-Vitamins
-Minerals |
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Macronutrients
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-Carbohydrates
-Proteins -Lipids -Water |
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Energy Density
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-kcal/gram
-the lower the number the better energy density the food has |
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Nutrient Density
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-Nutrient Content/Calorie Content
-Foods with high nutrient density provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories |
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What are the 3 energy yielding nutrients?
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-Carbohydrates
-Lipids -Proteins |
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
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-a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the USA and Canada
-Values are based on scientific evidence --Estimated Average Requirements = covers 1/2 population --Recommended Dietary Allowances = covers 98% of population --Adequate Intakes --Tolerable Upper Limits |
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Factors influencing nutritional requirements
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-Age
-Sex -Medications -Environmental Factors -Life Stage (pregnancy) -Genetics |
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
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-KNOW THESE NUMBERS
-Carbohydrates = 45%-65% -Fat = 20%-35% -Protein = 10%-35% |
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Nutrition Assessment of Individuals Components
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-Historical Information
-Anthropometric Measurements -Physical Examinations -Laboratory Tests |
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Primary Deficiency
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-a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient
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Secondary Deficiency
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-a nutrient deficiency caused by something other than an inadequate intake such as a disease condition or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient
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Subclinical Deficiency
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-a deficiency in the early stages, before the outward signs have appeared
-covert (lab tests) |
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Dietitians
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Nutrition Professionals who help people make dietary changes and food choices to support a healthy lifestyle
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General Functions of Nutrients
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-Structure
-Regulation -Energy |
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Eating Pattern
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The combination of many different foods and beverages at numerous meals over days, months, and years.
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6 Diet planning principles
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-Adequacy
-Balance -kCalorie Control -Nutrient Density -Moderation -Variety |
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Nutrient Profiling
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Ranking foods based on their nutrient composition
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans
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Translate nutrient recommendations of the DRI into food recommendations
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Food Group Plans
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Build a diet from clusters of foods that are similar in nutrient content
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USDA Food Patterns
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-5 subgroups of vegetables
-3 subgroups of proteins |
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Discretionary kCalories
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The difference between the calories needed to supply nutrients and those needed to maintain weight
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Healthy Eating Index
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Assessment tool that can be used to measure how well a diet meets the recommendations of the dietary guidelines
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Exchange Lists
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meal planning guides that provide additional help in achieving Calorie control and moderation
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Processed Foods
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Foods that have lost nutrients and gained sugar, fat, and salt
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Fortified Foods
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Processed foods that have been replenished with nutrients
-The added nutrients may not have been present in the original product. -CEREALS are the most highly fortified foods on the market |
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Refined Grains
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have lost many nutrients during processing; only contain the endosperm
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Enriched Grains
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Processed grains in which some of the nutrients have been added back
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Whole Grains
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have all the nutrients and fiber found in the original grain
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Legislation Regarding Grains
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-requires that all grain products that cross state lines be enriched with iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate
-food labels must specify that products have been enriched and include the enrichment nutrients in the ingredients list |
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Phytochemicals
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-Chemical compounds and nutrients that occur naturally in plants
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Textured Vegetable Protein
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SOY PRODUCTS
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Imitation Foods Example
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-Items such as cheese products
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Food Substitutes Example
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-Egg substitutes
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Functional Foods Example
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-Margarine with added plant sterols
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Standard Serving Size for Ice Cream
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1/2 Cup
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Standard Serving Size for All Beverages
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8 fluid ounces
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Daily Values and Percent Daily Values
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-Total food energy = kcal
-Food energy from fat = kcal -Total Fat = grams and %DV -Saturated Fat = grams and %DV -Trans fat = Grams -Cholesterol = milligrams and %DV -Sodium = milligrams and %DV -Total Carbohydrates = grams and %DV -Dietary Fiber = grams and %DV -Sugar = grams -Protein = grams -Vitamin A = %DV -Vitamin C= %DV -Iron = %DV -Calcium = %DV |
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Nutrient Claims
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-Meet FDA regulations
-"Free", "Reduced", "Low" |
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Health Claims
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-"Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure"
-FDA authorizes these claims |
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Structure-Function Claims
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-can be made without any FDA approval
-must not mention a disease or symptom -sound similar to Nutrient Claims -"Slow Aging" -"Improve Memory" -"Build Strong Bones" |
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good source of
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10-19% DV
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High in...
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20% DV or more
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What are the 8 B Vitamins?
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-Thiamin
-Riboflavin -Niacin -Biotin -Pantothenic Acid -Vitamin B6 -Folate -Vitamin B12 |
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Thiamin Co-Enzyme and function
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-TPP in energy metabolism
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Riboflavin Co-Enzyme and function
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-FAD and FMN in Energy Metabolism
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Niacin Co-Enzymes and function
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-NAD
-NADP -Energy Metabolism |
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Biotin Function (and Cycle)
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-Energy Metabolism
-TCA Cycle |
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Pantothenic Acid Co-Enzyme and Function
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-A
-Energy Metabolism |
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Vitamin B6 Function
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-Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Metabolism
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Folate Function
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-Activates Vitamin B12
-DNA synthesis and cell growth |
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Vitamin B12 Function
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-Activates Folate
-DNA synthesis and cell growth -Nerve cell protection |
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Vitamin C Function
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-Synthesis of Collagen
-Antioxidant |
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Thiamin Deficiency (with and without alcohol)
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-Beriberi - "wet" and "dry" = adema (poking skin)
-Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Number 1 source of thiamin
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-Pork
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2 major sources of niacin
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-Meat
-Fish |
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Niacin Precursor and Numbers
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-Tryptophan
-60mg of Tryptophan = 1 mg of Niacin = 1NE |
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Niacin Deficiency
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-Pellagra
-4 D's |
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Niacin Daily Intakes
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-Men = 16 mg
-Women = 14 mg -UL = 35 mg |
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Niacin Flush
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-Tingling Sensation
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Niacin can prevent...
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CHD
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Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
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-Burning Feet Syndrome
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2 Major Sources of Pantothenic Acid
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-Turkey
-Yogurt |
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Co-Enzyme of Vitamin B6
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PLP
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Vitamin B6 deficiency
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-Microcytic hypo-chromic anemia
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Major source of Vitamin B6
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-Fish
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Alcohol can affect the rate of absorption for...
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Vitamin B6
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Folate Deficiencies (2)
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-Macrocytic Anemia
-Spina Bifida |
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Folate RDA Value
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-400 Micrograms/Day
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What component is necessary for B12 absorption and where is it made?
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-Intrinsic Factor
-Stomach |
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RDA Values of Vitamin C
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-Men = 90 mg
-Women = 75 mg Smokers = +35 mg |
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Choline Function
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-Phospholipid Synthesis
-Neurotransmitter Synthesis |
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1 KG = _______ lbs
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-2.2
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What are the 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins?
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-Vitamin A
-Vitamin D -Vitamin E -Vitamin K |
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3 Different Forms of Vitamin A (retinoids) and their functions
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-Retinol (animals) = REPRODUCTION
-Retinal (plants) = VISION -Retinoic Acid = GROWTH |
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Precursor of Vitamin A
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Beta-Carotene (found in plants)
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Vitamin A Functions
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1) Protein Synthesis and Cell Differentiation
-Epithelial Cells and Mucous Membranes 2) Reproduction and Growth -Sperm Development and Fetal Development 3) Antioxidant -Beta Carotene |
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Vitamin A Deficiency
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-Infectious Disease Risk
-Blindness -Keratinization |
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What is the Vitamin A deficiency Disease?
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-Hypovitaminosis A
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What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?
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-Night Blindness (retina)
-Blindness (cornea) -Keratinization (hardening) |
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Food Richest in Vitamin A
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-Liver
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Beta carotene to Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) conversion
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12 micrograms beta carotene = 1 microgram RAE
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Other name for Vitamin D
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-Calcitrol
-1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D |
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What is the precursor to vitamin D and where is it made?
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-Cholesterol
-Liver |
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Versions of Vitamin D
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Animal = D3
Plant = D2 |
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2 Vitamin D deficiencies
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-Rickets
-Osteomalacia (soft skull) |
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Other Name for Vitamin E
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Alpha-tocopherol
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Chief Function of Vitamin E
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-Antioxidant = Cell membranes, regulation of oxidation, protection of fatty acids
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Significant Source of Vitamin E
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-OILS
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Vitamin E Deficiency Symptom
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-Erythrocyte Hemolysis = Red blood cell breakage
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Toxicity Symptom of Vitamin E
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-Interferes with the blood clotting action of vitamin k
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Chief functions of vitamin K
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-Synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium
-Prothrombin, Thrombin, Fibrin and Fibrinogen |
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Deficiency Symptom of Vitamin K
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-Hemorrhaging
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Significant Sources of Vitamin K
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-Synthesized in gut bacteria
-Dark, Leafy Green Vegetables |
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What are the 4 antioxidants?
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-Vitamin C
-Vitamin E -Beta-Carotene -Selenium |
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Free Radicals and Disease
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-Defending against cancer
-Defending agains heart disease |
