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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cholesterol
• A multi-ringed structure
• Does not have a glycerol backbone
• Waxy substance
• Does not readily dissolve in water
• Cholesterol is a sterol
• Essential component of cell membrane
• Produced by the liver
• Found only in animal products
• Forms important hormones
– Estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D
• Precursor to bile acids (helps with fat
digestion)
Essential amino acids
The 9 out of 20 amino acids the human body cannot make, so the human must consume them.
Hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond, producing a single carbon-carbon bond with two hydrogens attached to each carbon, of unsaturated fatty acids in a vegetable oil increases its hardness, so process is used to convert liquid oils into more solid fats, used in making margarine and shortening, trans fatty acids are a by-product of this process in vegetable oils.
High-density lipoproteins
In blood, picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other LP in the blood stream, as well as directly to the liver; low HDL increases risk of cardiovascular disease.
Low-density lipoprotieins
In blood, containing primarily cholesterol; elevated LDL is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease risk.
Protein functions
• Enzymes: Trypsin, Pepsin
• Storage: Ovalbumin, Ferritin
• Transport: Hemoglobin
• Contractile: Actin, Myosin
• Protective: Antibodies, Thrombin
• Hormones: Insulin, Growth hormone
• Structural: Keratin, Collagen, Elastin
Energy density
Comparison of calorie content to weight of food, salad is low in ED.
Nutrient density
Comparison of vitamin & mineral content to number of calories.
Lipase
Fat-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas.
Omega 3 fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the methyl end.
Includes:
- Salmon, mackerel, herring, trout, tuna
- Oyster
 Non-fish sources
– Flaxseed, canola, soy oils
– Walnuts, beans/peas
Glucose
Six-carbon sugar that exists in a ring form; found as such in blood and in table sugar bound to fructose; also known as dextrose, it is one of the simple sugars; must be maintained in the blood (can lead to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia).
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates include simple sugars:
 6 carbon sugars
glucose
fructose
MONOSACCHARIDES
galactose
 5 carbon sugars
ribose
deoxyribose
Kilocalorie
Heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius; also written as Calories.
Triglycierides
Major form of lipid in the body and in food; composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Type 2 diabetes
Genetic link
Associated with obesity
Non-insulin dependent to start
Accounts for majority of cases of DM
Defective insulin receptors on the cells
Over secretion of insulin to compensate
Leads to beta cells failure
Treatment: medication and diet therapy
(weight loss)
Lactase
Enzyme made by absorptive cells of the small intestine; digests lactose to glucose and galactose.
Epinepherine
Hormone known as adrenaline; released by the adrenal glands (located on each kidney) and various nerve endings in the body. Acts to increase glycogen breakdown in the liver, among other functions.
Limiting amino acid
When necessary amino acids are
present, protein synthesis occurs
• If even one necessary amino acid
is missing, protein synthesis stops
= Specific amino acid present in the
lowest quantity compared to need
Fiber
Substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine; add bulk to feces.
fluoroquinolones
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, enoxacin, nalidixic acid (quinolone)

inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II); bactericidal. don't take with antacids (just like tetracycline)

use: gram (-) rods of urinary and GI tract, neisseria, gram (+) organisms.

toxicity: GI upset, superinfections, skin rashes, headache, dizziness. Teratogenic. tendonitis and tendon rupture in adults. leg cramps and myalgias in kids.
Moxifloxacin SE Torsade de pointes
Heart disease risk
• Family history
• Smoking (even second hand)
• High blood pressure
• High blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia)
– >200 mg/dl of total cholesterol
– HDL < 40 mg/dl
• Diabetes
• Lack of regular exercise and obesity
Insulin and glucagon
1. Released when blood glucose is high
 Promotes glycogen synthesis
 Increases glucose uptake by the cells
 Reduces gluconeogenesis
 Net effect: lowers the blood glucose

2.  Breakdown glycogen
 Enhances gluconeogenesis
 Net effect: raises blood glucose
Peptide bonds
• Bond formed between amino acids
• Result of the reaction of an amino
group (-NH2) of one with an acid
group (-COOH) of another
• Strong, not normally broken by
cooking
RDA
Meets the needs of ~97% of all individuals
Set ~20% above what an average person
needs
Accommodates for people with higher needs
RDAs, by definition, are generous allowances
Set for only 19 nutrients
Glycogen
Storage form of CHO for animals and human
Structure similar to starch
More sites for enzyme action
Found in the liver and muscles
Amylase
Starch-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands or pancreas.
Disaccharides
“Simple sugars”
Maltose (Gluc + Gluc)
 Fermentation
 Alcohol production
Sucrose (Gluc + Fruc)
 Sugar
Lactose (Galactose + Gluc)
 Milk products
Balance/Variety/Moderation
Balance daily food choices
– Choose a variety of different foods
– Practice moderation
Soluble / insoluble fiber
1.  Pectin
 Lower cholesterol, regulate blood sugar (diabetes)
 Fruit, vegetable, rice bran, psyllium husk, flax seed

2. Cellulose
 Vegetables, fruit skins, corn bran, seed and nuts
 Move bulk through the intestines, promotes regularity
 Control and balance pH in the intestine – reduce
colon cancer?
Type 1 diabetes
Genetic link
Decreased release of insulin
Insulin dependent
Hyperglycemia
Immunological disorder
Early introduction of cow’s milk