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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Darwin's theory of evolution
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1. genetic variation in species
2. Some genes aid in adaption than others do. --Natural selection --Evolution isn't about genes, its about interaction between genes and enviornment. |
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Meiosis
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process in which reproductive germ cell divides, each has 23 chromosomes(sex cells)
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Mitosis
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cell division, each has 46 chromosomes
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Zygote
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formed after sperm and egg join together
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Dominant gene
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powerful genes that are expressed when present and mask effects of less powerful recessive genes
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Recessive gene
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less powerful genes that are not expressed when paired with a dominant gene
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homozygous
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both genes are the same
-2 recessive = develop recessive trait 2 dominant genes = develop dominant trait |
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heterozygous
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genes are different
1 dominant gene, one recessive = gene expressed |
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Mutations
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Change in one or more genes that produces new phenotype.
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Chromosome abnormalities
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Receives too many, too few, or abnormal chromosomes at conception
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Down Syndrome
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also Trisomy 21
-has extra 21st chromosome |
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Sex Chromosome Abonormalities
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too few or too many sex chromosomes
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Turner Syndrome
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female ,single x chromosome.
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Klinefeiter syndrome
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Male extra x chromosome (xxy)
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Fragile X chromosome
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One arm of x chromososme looks like it is about to break, barely connected to the rest of the chromosome--Large jaws and ears
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Ultrasound
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use of sound waves to scan womb and create visual image of fetus. Generally considered safe.
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Maternal blood sampling
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testing for fetal cells in maternal blood. Not very accurate
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Amniocenetesis
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needle inserted into abdomen. amniotic fluid withdrawn. Risk of miscarriage 1 in 200
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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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catheter inserted through vagina & cervix to withdraw fetal cells from chorion. Risk of miscarriage 1 in 200.
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Progeria
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dramatic premature aging
onset birth No tx or cure |
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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distruction of nervous system-fat accumulates in nerve cells of the brain
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prenatal Development
3 stages |
Germinal Period-(1st 2 weeks)
Embryonic Period-(3rd-8th week) Fetal Period-9th week - Birth |
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organogenesis
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all major organs are formed
Miscarriages usually happen during this period-(Embryonic, 3rd-8th week) |
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Teratogens
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disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm prenatal organism.
critical period 3-8wks effects worse when organ system grows most rapidly |
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Common Teratogens
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Alchohol, STD'S,Ruebella, Nicotine, Environmental Hazards-radiation, pollutants. and Drugs
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3 stages of Labor
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1-when contraction begin until cervix is fully dilated
2-delivery of baby 3-delivery of placenta |
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Apgar test
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used to assess newborn status by assessing heart rate, color, muscle tone, respiration, and reflexes
7-10 good 5-6 okay <4 not good |
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Postpartum(postnatal) Depression
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Baby blues (postpartum blues-peaks day 4 and fades within 2 wks.
postpartum depression, last 6-8wks to a year. |
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Postpartum Psychosis
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beyond depression, includes hallucinations and delusions 2 days-2 wks.switch between elation,depression,anxiety. women have harmed or killed babies/themselves
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Endocrine system
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system that consists of group of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream.
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Neuronal Development
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7th month of pregnancy have most of neurons
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neuron proliferation
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During embryonic periods neurons multiply very rapidlly
250,000 neurons born /min increase in glial cells(suport cells for neurons) |
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Every neuron starts out with potential to become any type of neuron-why
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what type depends on where it migrates. Different neurotransmitters produced depending on where it migrates.
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Synaptogenesis
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production of synapses(spaces between neurons)
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Brain growth spurt
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occurs 7 months after conception to 2 years of life: proliferations, synapse formation and myelinazation
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Synaptic pruning
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if neuron not often stimulated, brain disposes of it
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Plasticity
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neural responsiveness to environmental experience--ability of brain to adapt itself to trauma or environmental experience
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Brain development & adolescent risk taking
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Teens often use poor judgment(not all)
prefrontal cortex decreases in size & neuroanl connections get reorganized |
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Reflexes
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unlearned, involuntary response to stimuli
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Survival reflexes
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clear adaptive value:breathing,sucking,rooting.
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Primitve reflexes(newborns)
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unclear use : Babinski relfex, grasping, stepping, moro, swimming
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Babinski reflex
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toe fanning then curling when bottom of foot is stroked (12-18months)
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Grasping reflex
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curling fingers around objects that touch palm (3-4months)
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Stepping feflex
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infants held uprigh where feet touch flat surface will step like they are walking (1st 8 wks)
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Moro reflex
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when startled throws arms wide, arches back, then brings arms together (4months)
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Swimming relfex
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infants (4-6months) immersed in water will actively move arms and legs & involuntarily hold breath & stay afloat for some time
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menarche
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first menstruation (11-15 yrs)
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semenarche
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initial ejaculation around age 13
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secular trend
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shift in a pattern of a characteristic that occurs over a historical time period (people getting taller; people maturing earlier)
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Early Maturing Adolescences
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boys: more socially competent
girls: less popular, hang out with older peer group |
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Late maturation Adolescences
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boys: more anxious, less athletic
girls; more academic |
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leading cause of death among teens
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Unintentional injuries( accidents, violence, suicide risky behavior: drugs( and alcohol), unprotected sex, dangerous driving, fights
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Andropause
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characterized by decreasing levels of testosterone in men
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Menopause
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ending of wonam's menstrual cycle & decrease in estrogen levels in midlife.
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Hormone Replacement Therapy HRT
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Taking estrogen and progestin to compensate for hormone loss that occurs at menopause
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Sensation
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process by which sensory information is transmitted to brain
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Perception
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interpretation of sensory input
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Habituation
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losing interest in stimuli that is presented over and over
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evoked potentials
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measure electrical activity on scalp to get idea of what areas of brain are active in response to stimuli
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visual acuity
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ability to detect fine detail
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visual accommodation
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ability of lens to change shape to bring objects at different differences into focus
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Attention
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Focusing of perception and cognition
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Presbyopia
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difficulty seeing close-up objects clearly
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AGe-related macular degeneration
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damage to cells responsible for central vision(eventaully leads to blindness
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Cataracts
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clouded yellow lenses
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Retinitis pigmentosa
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loss of light-sensitive cells(poor night vision and gradual loss of peripheral vision
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glaucoma
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increased fluid in eye damages optic nerve & peripheral vision & can cause complete blindness
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Presbycusis
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loss of sensitivity to high frequency sounds
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Retinitis pigmentosa
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loss of light-sensitive cells(poor night vision and gradual loss of peripheral vision
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glaucoma
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increased fluid in eye damages optic nerve & peripheral vision & can cause complete blindness
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Presbycusis
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loss of sensitivity to high frequency sounds
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schemes
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organized patterns of action or thought we construct to interpret our experiences
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Schemes develop in 2 main ways
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Organization
Adaption ----assimilation ----accommodation |
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6 stages of sensorimotor
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(birth-2yrs)
reflexive activity(b-1mo) Primary circular reaction(1-4mo) secondary circular reaction (4-8mo) coordination of seondary schemes (8-12mo) tertiary circular reaction (12-18mo) Beginning of thought(18mo-2yrs)` |
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object permanence
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understanding objects still exist when you can't see them.
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A, not B error
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looking for object where last seen, not new place
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stages of Preoperational
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(2-7 yrs)
Symbolic capacity improves & langauge develops,Beginning of pretend play Egocentrisim |
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Egocentrism
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tendency to view world solely from one's own perspective
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appearance/reality distinction
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children very concrete in thinking about things, take things at face value--easily fooled by appearances
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Difficulty with classification
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lack class inclusion: logical understanding that parts are included within whole
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Lack of conservation
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have problems understanding that properties of an object do not always change when superficial changes occur
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decentration
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the ability to focus on two aspects of reality or dimensions of a problem simultaneously.
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Cognitive Development
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perform mental acions on ojects
master many logica; operations relational logic: |
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seriation
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mentally order objects along quantifiable dimension
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Transitivity
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understand logical relationship of objects in a series
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Formal Operations
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(11 yrs and older)
mentally manipulate abstracts develop inductive reasoning |
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Formal operations
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hypothetical-deductive reasoning
richer understanding of people can form identity complex thought not all adults reach formal operations |
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savant syndrome
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condition in which person with limited mental ability has amazing ability in some specific area
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Intelligence Quotientt
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mental age divided by chromological age multiplied by 100
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Factors that influence IQ
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genes, home environment, social class differences, racial and ethnic differences
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wisdom
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exceptional insight or judgment regarding life's problems
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mental retardation
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significantly bleow average intellectual functioning with limitations in areas of adaptive behavior. 70 or lower on IQ tests.
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Giftedness
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term applied to individual who has above average intelligence as well as some superior talent or skill.
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Creativity
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ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context and valued by others.
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language:
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communication system of sounds, letters, gestures
combined in agreed upon rules produces infinite # of messages |
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phonemes:
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smallest, basic units of sound
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intonation
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variations in pitch, loudness, and timing used when speaking,
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word segmentation
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ability to break stream of speech sounds into distinct words
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Language development:sound production
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produce sounds from birth; cries, burps, sneezes
cooing-vowel like sounds babbling-consonat/vowel combos |
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semantics
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meaning of language
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Holophrases
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single words used by infants that represent entire sentence's worth of meaning
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Volcabulary spurt
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slowly learns one word at a time at 1st.18 months go through vocabulary spurt
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Common language mistakes during time of volcabulary spurt
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overextension-using word too broadly.
underextension-using word too narrowly |
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Telegraphic speech
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2 to 4 word sentences--develops 18-24 months
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syntax
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rules of forming sentences and paragraphs from words
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Pragmatics
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rules specifying appropriate use of language in different social contexts.
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non-verbal communication
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using appropirate gestures, facial expression, intonation to help convey meaning
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Personality
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organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors unique to each person
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self-concept
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perceptions of unique traits; can be positive or negative or in between.
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self-esteem
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overall evaluation of worth as a person; can be high or low or in between
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Identity
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overall sense of who you are, where you are heading, and how you fit into society.
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self recognition
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perception of the self as separate being, distinct from other people.-develops around 18 months
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categorical self
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classify themselves into social categories. based on sex,age, and other visible characteristics.
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temperament
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early genetic tendencies to respond in certain predictable ways to events. May be the building blocks of personality
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3 dimensions of temperament
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emotionalitiy
activity sociability |
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3 categores of temperament
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easy temperament-40%
difficult temperament-10% slow to warm up temperament-15% |
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identity achievement
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strong sense of commitment to life choices after free consideration of alternatives
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identity foreclosure
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acceptance of ready made values and goals chosen by authority figures
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identity diffusion
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confusion about who one is & what one wants; lack a frim direction. Or don't care much about developing ID in area
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Moratorium
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suspension of life choices because of identity crisis struggle. Actively searching or trying out options
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cognitive development
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solid mastery of formal operations allows them to think about possible selves & compare them
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midlife crisis
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period of major questioning, inner struggle, & re-evaluation that is thought to occur in person's early 40's
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androgyny
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blending of positive masculine and feminine traits
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Troiden
Model of Homosexual identity development stages |
sensitization
identity confusion identity assumption commitment |
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strategies people commonly use to cope with stress in Troiden Stage 2
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denial, avoidance, repair, accepetance
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strategies people commonly use to cope with stress in Troiden Stage 3
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capitulization, minstralization, passing, group aignment
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social cognition
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thinking about perceptions, thoughts, emotions, & behaviors of self & others.
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TOM
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theory of mind: understanding that people have mental states(desires, beliefs) that guide or cause behavior
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4 precursors to TOM
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joint attention, pretend play, Imitation, emotional understanding.
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morality
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ability to distinguish right from wrong
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moral effect
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emotions felt when one does right or wrong
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empathy
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viacariously experiencing others feelings
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prosocial behavior
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acts of helping reflecting concern for others
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moral reasoning
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thinking process that occurs when we decide what is right or wrong
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Kohlberg Moral reasoning: cognitive developmental theory
level 1-preconventional morality |
stage 1 punishment & obedience orientation.stage 2: insturmental hedonism.
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Kohlberg Moral reasoning: cognitive developmental theory
level 2-conventional morality |
stage 3: good boy'/girl moralityStage 4 authority & social-order maintaining morality
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Kohlberg Moral reasoning: cognitive developmental theory
level 3-postconventional morality |
Stage 5-morality of social contract, individual rights, & democratically accepted law.
stage 6 Morality of individual principles of conscience. |
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attachment
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strong affectional tie that binds person to intimate companion.
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8 stages of family life
(Duvall) |
married w/o children, child bearing, w/ preshcool children, w/ school age children,w/ teens,young adults, empty nest, aging family.
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statistical deviance
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Does behavior fall outside of normal range of behavior/
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Maladaptiveness
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does behavior interfere with personal & social adaptation or pose a danger to self or others?
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personal distress
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does behavior cause personal anguish or discomfort?
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diathesis
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predisposition or vunerabliity
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stress
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environmental pressure
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separation anxiety disorder
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inappropriate & excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures <18 yrs.
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attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3 types of symptoms: |
impulsitivity
inattention hyperactivity |
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oppositional defiant disorder
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pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months.
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conduct disorder
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difficulty following rules & behaving in socially acceptable eway
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oppositional defiant disorder
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pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months.
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encopresis
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repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places
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enuresis
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repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes
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Pica
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pesistent eating of nonnurtitive substances for at least 1 month that is inappropriate to developmental level.
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anorexia nervosa
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occurs when normal wt. person diets & becomes significantly underwt. (<85% of normal body wt)doesn't eat
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bulimia nervosa
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characterized by periods of binging, fear of not being able to stop eating, purging, excessive exercise.
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Most common cause of dementia
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proressive deterioration of neural functioning, leads to impaired memory.
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death
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total brain death-irreversibel loss of functioning in entire brain.
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criteria to be judged dead
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totally unresponsive, fail to move for 1 hr & breathe for 3 min after removal from vent. have no reflexes, register flat ecg
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euthanasia
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happy or good death, usually refers to hastening death of someone suffering from incurable illness or injury
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2 form of euthanasia
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active-deliberately & directly causing person's death. Passive-allowing person to die of natural causes.
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Kubler-Ross
5 stages of dying |
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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