Human Geography Aqa Gcse: Population Change

Front 1

The DTM (Demographic Transition Model)

What is Stage 1, 2 & 3 of population growth that countries go through according to this model?

Back 1

Stage 1: BR: High and fluctuating (no use of contraception) DR: High and fluctuating (poor health care), PGR: Zero, PS&S: Low and steady / life expectancy low so mostly young people.

Stage 2: BR: High and steady (no use of contraception), DR: Rapidly falling (improved health care), PGR: Very High, PS&S: Rapidly Increasing / life expectancy increased but still more young people than old people.

Stage 3: BR: Rapidly falling (use of contraception increases and emancipation of women), DR: falling (more medical advances), PGR: High, PS&S: increasing / more people living to be older.

Front 2

THE DTM (Demographic Transition Model)

What is Stage 4 & 5 of population growth that countries go through according to this model?

Back 2

Stage 4: BR: Low and fluctuating (urbanisation occurs, their wealth improves and want more possessions so less money for children), DR: Low and Fluctuating, PGR: Zero, PS&S: High and Steady / even more people living to be older.

Stage 5: BR: Slowly falling (less money available to raise children because people dependant elderly relatives), DR: Low and fluctuating, PGR: Negative, PS&S: Slowly falling / more older people than younger people.

Front 3

Explain factors which affect population growth.

1) Agricultural change

2) Urbanisation

3) Education

4) Emancipation and Status of Women

Back 3

1) Technology improves produce and saves labour, decreasing the need of a large family.

2) Rural-to-Urban migration leads to population growth as people move to cities.

3) Parents can spend more on each child if they have less children. Many parents see spending on education as vital for their children's futures.

4) A larger workforce requires women to work so there is less time for children. Childcare is expensive and some women avoid having children to avoid paying it

Front 4

Managing Rapid Population Growth - Political Impacts

1) Why does the government focus on policies that are important to young people e.g. education?

2) Why doesn't the government have to focus on policies that are important to older people e.g. pensions?

3) Why do the social and economic impacts of rapid population growth don't get worse?

Back 4

1) Because most of the population is made up of young people.

2) Because the population has fewer older people.

3) Because the government has to make policies to bring population growth under control.

Front 5

Managing Rapid Population Growth - Economic Impacts

1) Why would unemployment increase?

2) Why is there increased poverty?

Back 5

1) Because there aren't enough jobs for the number of people in the country.

2) Because more people are born into families that are already poor.

Front 6

Managing Rapid Population Growth - Social Impacts

1) What will happen to services like healthcare and education?

2) What will children have t do to support their large families?

3) What will happen to cousin and how will this affect health?

4) What happens to food and why?

Back 6

1) These services can't cope with the rapid increase in population, so not everyone has access to them.

2) Children will have to work so they miss out on education.

3) There aren't enough house for everyone so people are forced to live in makeshift houses in overcrowded settlements. This leads to health problems because the houses aren't always connected to sewers or they don't have access to clean water.

4) There are food shortages if the country can't grow or import enough food for the population.

Front 7

Strategies to Control Rapid Population Growth: Birth control programme

1) What does this aim to do and how do governments approach this strategy?

2) What does this help towards?

Back 7

1) Aims to reduce birth rate, some govs have laws about how many children couples are allowed to have. Govs also help couples plan and limit how many children they have by offering free contraception and sex education.

2) This helps towards sustainable development because it means the population won't get much bigger. There won't be many more people using up resources today, so there will be some left for future generations.

Front 8

Strategies to Control Rapid Population Growth: Immigration laws

1) What do these laws aim to do and how do governments approach this strategy?

2) What does this help towards?

Back 8

1) They aim to control immigration. Governments can limit the number of people that are allowed to immigrate. They can also be selective about who they can let in e.g. letting in fewer people of child-bearing age means there will be fewer immigrants having children.

2) This helps towards sustainable development because it slows down the population growth rate.

Front 9

Managing Population Growth [CASE STUDY]:

China

1) What is China's population like?

2) What is the most important policy used to control rapid population growth?

3) What are couples with only one child given?

4) What don't couples that have more than one child get?

6) What has this helped towards?

Back 9

1) China has the largest population of any country in world - over 1.3 bn!

2) The "one-child policy" introduced in 1979, which highly encouraged couples to only have one child.

3) They are given benefits like longer maternity leave, better housing and free education for the child.

4) They don't get any benefits and are also fined part of their income.

5) This had helped towards sustainable development - the population hasn't grown as fast as it would have done without the policy so less resources have been used.

Front 10

Managing Population Growth [CASE STUDY]:

China

6) What exceptions have been made throughout the years?

7) What has this policy done to China?

Back 10

6) In some rural areas, couples are allowed to have a second child if the first is a girl or has a disability. This is because children are needed to work on farms. Also, if one of the parents have a disability or if both parents are children, then couples are allowed to have a second child. This is so there are enough people to look after the parents.

7) Prevented up to 400 million births. The fertility rate has dropped from 5.7 in 1970 to 1.8 today. However some people think that it wasn't this policy that slowed population growth - there were others.

Front 11

Managing Population Growth [CASE STUDY]:

Indonesia

1) What is Indonesia's population like?

2) What is wrong with the population?

3) What has this problem led to?

4) What policy was introduced by the Indonesian government in the 1960s?

5) What occurred?

Back 11

1) Indonesia has over 240 million people!

2) It isn't distributed evenly - most people live on the island of Java

3) This has lead to social and economic problems on the densely populated islands e.g. lack of services/housing as well as unemployment/poverty.

4) The transmigration policy, aimed to reduce the impacts of population growth.

5) Millions of people have been moved from the densely populated islands, like Java, to the less densely populated islands.

Front 12

Managing Population Growth [CASE STUDY]:

Indonesia

6) What effectiveness has this policy given?

Back 12

6) Millions of people have been moved, but the population still isn't much more evenly distributed. Not all the people who moved escaped poverty - either they didn't have the skills to farm the land, or the land was too poor to be farmed. Lots of people were moved to land that ws already occupied by native people. This created a new problem - conflict between the natives and migrants. Indonesia's transmigration policy hasn't helped towards sustainable development because it only reduces the impacts of population growth - the population is still getting much bigger.

Front 13

Ageing Populations - Economic Impacts

1) What will the working population (16-64) have to do?

2) What will happen to the economy of the country?

Back 13

1) They will have to pay taxes, some of which the gov use to pay the state pensions of older people, and to pay for services like retirement and healthcare. Taxes would need to go up because there are more pensions to pay for, and older people need more healthcare.

2) It would grow more slowly - less money is being spent on things that help the economy grow e.g. education/business, and instead it is being spent on things that don't help the economy grow e.g. retirement homes.

Front 14

Ageing Populations - Social Impacts

1) What will happen to healthcare services?

2) What will happen to the mental health of the working population?

3) What will happen to the birth rate?

4) Why will people retire later?

Back 14

1) They will be stretched more because older people need more medical care.

2) They will need to spend more time working as unpaid carers for older family members. This means that they will have less leisure time and become more stressed and worried.

3) It will drop because people may have fewer children because they can't afford lots of children when they have dependant older relatives.

4) Because the more old people there are, the lower the pension provided by the gov so they would not be able to afford to retire early.

Front 15

Strategies to cope with an Ageing Population

1) Why do some governments use the strategy to encourage larger families?

2) Why do some governments use the strategy to encourage the immigration of young people from other countries?

3) Why do these two strategies not help towards sustainable development?

Back 15

1) Because it increases the number of young people - when they start work there will be a larger working population to pay taxes and support the ageing population. e.g. in Italy women are offered cash rewards to have more children.

2) Because it increases the working population so there are more people paying taxes to support the ageing population.

3) Because they increase the population size.

Front 16

Strategies to cope with an Ageing Population

4) Why do some governments use the strategy of raising the retirement age?

5) Why do some governments use the strategy of raising taxes for the working population

6) Why do these two strategies help towards sustainable development?

Back 16

4) Because people work for longer and contribute to state and personal pensions for longer. They will also claim state pension for less time.

5) Because this would increase the amount of money available to support the ageing population.

6) Because they help to reduce the impacts of an ageing population, without increasing the population size.

Front 17

Ageing Populations [CASE STUDY]: The UK

Problems

1) What is happening to elderly people?

2) Even though the state pension is low, what is the government struggling to do and why?

3) What is going to happen to the cost of maintaining current levels of care services?

Back 17

1) More elderly people are living in poverty - working population isn't large enough to pay for a decent pension.

2) They are struggling to pay the state pension because the taxes paid by people in work aren't enough to cover the cost of pensions and as the population ages the situation is getting worse.

3) It is set to double to £24 billion by 2026

Front 18

Ageing Populations [CASE STUDY]: The UK

Strategies and Effectiveness

1) Why will the government raise the retirement age?

2) Why has the government encouraged people to take out private pensions?

3) Will has the government welcomed migrant workers to the UK?

4) Have these strategies worked?

Back 18

1) People will have to work for longer, so there will be more people paying tax and fewer claiming a pension.

2) So people won't be so dependant on their state pension.

3) So more people pay for taxes which helps to pay for the state pension and services.

4) It is too early to tell if the government strategies are working. Even if they do have some effect it's likely that future generations will have to work longer and rely on their families to support them in old age.

Front 19

Migration

1) What is immigration?

2) What is emigration?

3) What are the reasons a person migrates classified as? Give examples.

Back 19

1) When people move to an area. The people are called immigrants.

2) When people leave an area. The people are called emigrants.

3) Push factors: things about a person's place of origin that make them want to leave e.g. war/natural disaster, poor living conditions, not being able to find a job. Pull factors: things about a person's destination that attracts them e.g. job opportunities or a better standard of living.

Front 20

The Impacts of Migration

1) What are the positive impacts in the source country?

2) What are the negative impacts in the source country?

3) What are the positive impacts of the receiving country?

4) What are the negative impacts of the receiving country?

Back 20

1) Reduced demand on services e.g. hospitals and schools. Money is sent back to the source country by emigrants.

2) Labour shortage: mostly people of working age that emigrate. Ageing population: high proportion of older people left.

3) Increased labour force. Migrant workers pay taxes that help to fund services e.g. state pensions, hospitals, etc.

4) Locals and immigrants compete for jobs - leads to tension and conflict. Increased demand in services e.g. hospitals/schools. Some money sent back to their country of origin.

Front 21

Migration Within and to the EU [CASE STUDY]

Poland to the UK

1) What were the push factors from Poland in 2004?

2) What were the pull factors to the UK in 2004?

Back 21

1) High unemployment, low average wages and housing shortages.

2) Ease of migration (UK allowed unlimited migration in 2004, restricted in some other countries), more work and higher wages and good exchange rate.

Front 22

Migration Within and to the EU [CASE STUDY]

Poland to the UK

1) What were the impacts in Poland?

2) What were the impacts in the UK?

Back 22

1) Poland's population fell, and the birth rate fell as most people who left were young. There was a shortage of workers in Poland, slowing the growth of the economy. The Polish economy was boosted by the money sent home from emigrants.

2) The population went up slightly. It boosted the UK economy, but a lot of the money earned in the UK was sent home. New shops selling Polish products opened to serve Polish communities. Many Polish people are Catholic so attendance at Catholic churches went up

Front 23

Migration Within and to the EU [CASE STUDY]

African refugees migrate to Spain

1) How many people migrate from Africa to the EU and why?

2) What is the definition of refugee?

Back 23

1) Huge numbers! This is because of the push factors African refugees of war face: people flee the countries because of the threat of violence or death during the wars.

2) A person who has been forced to leave their country duet war or a natural disaster.

Front 24

Migration Within and to the EU [CASE STUDY]

African refugees migrate to Spain

1) What were in impacts in African countries?

2) What were the impacts in Spain?

Back 24

1) The working population was reduced so there are fewer people contributing to the economy. Families become separated when fleeing from wars.

2) Social tension between immigrants and Spaniards. More unskilled workers in Spain, which has filled gaps in the labour market. Average wages for unskilled jobs have fallen because there are so many people who want the jobs. The birth rate has increased because there are so many young immigrants