Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
hearth areas
|
geographic areas where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread (ex: agriculture/animals)
|
|
|
geography
|
"earth writing"
|
|
|
European Expansion/Exploration
|
..proved inaccuracies can lead to discoveries
|
|
|
mini-systems
|
multiple tribes/clans working together
|
|
|
Reciprocal Social Economy
|
bartering (no money – ex: salmon for meat)
|
|
|
Re-distributive Tributary
|
taxes (not necessarily money)
|
|
|
Merchant/Capitalist Economy
|
..revolves around money
|
|
|
Imperialism
|
extending the power of one nation or country by controlling others
|
|
|
Colonialism
|
“satellite settlements” for the purpose of transforming the community (ex: early Africa)
|
|
|
Core
|
dominant county in the world (America/Europe)
|
|
|
Periphery
|
least powerful states (ex: Africa)
|
|
|
Semi-Periphery
|
states that have developed over time (ex: China or India)
|
|
|
Hegemony
|
total dominance socially, economically, and politically in the world system
|
|
|
2nd world countries
|
communist countries (ex: Soviet Union, Cuba, Korea, etc)
|
|
|
place
|
a space or location that has some meaning attached to it; not universal
|
|
|
How do places influence our lives?
|
structure the daily routines of economic and social life,
provide opportunities and constraints for long-term social well-being, provide a context for gathering knowledge and information about the world, provide a setting for socialization, provide an arena for protesting social norms |
|
|
scales
|
partitioning of space within which certain processes play out
|
|
|
knowledge production
|
the product of what we know to be true and what we believe to be true
|
|
|
globalization
|
increasing interconnections through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change/processes (shared culture, economy, etc)
|
|
|
Trans-national Organizations
|
a firm with activities that cross national-state boundaries (ex: headquarters in one country, production in another country)
|
|
|
Supra-national Organizations
|
individual states that work collectively toward political and economic objectives; diminishes state sovereignty (independence)
|
|
|
Neoliberalism
|
philosophy focused on reducing the role of government in economic activities; privatization of formerly publicly owned entities (utilities, roads, etc)
|
|
|
Hyperglobalist
|
believes “more people and more global connections means more prosperity”
|
|
|
Skeptical
|
“globalization is nothing new – we have all been here before”
|
|
|
Transformationist
|
“globalization is new, contradictory and challenging – it will create change in unpredictable (positive and negative) ways”
|
|
|
Key Issues dealing with Globalization
|
environment, health, security
|
|
|
Jihad
|
tribalism cultural values associated with religious fundamentalism, traditional tribal allegiances, opposition to western to western materialism
|
|
|
McWorld
|
globalism; pop-culture and shallow materialism of western culture
|
|
|
Place
|
a space with meaning
|
|
|
Lifeworld
|
taken for granted patterns and contexts for everyday living (ex: football games, dining halls)
|
|
|
Intersubjectivity
|
process of building shared meanings that are derived from life experiences in a place (ex: graduation)
|
|
|
globalization
|
unifies space and place but also minimizes differences and distinctiveness
|
|
|
What is geography?
|
“..study of earth as created by natural forces and modified by human action”
|
|
|
Observation
|
interviews, participant observation, lab experiments, remote sensing
|
|
|
Visualization/Representation
|
maps, charts narratives, diagrams
|
|
|
Data Analysis
|
patterns, themes, comparisons, models; spatial and regional
|
|
|
cognitive location
|
places relative to landforms
|
|
|
space
|
a place without meaning
|
|
|
Spatial Interaction
|
movements and flows of human activity
|
|
|
landscape
|
Which of these is NOT one kind of regional analysis?
Regionalization Landscape Friction of Distance Sense of Place |
|
|
tailgating at the game
|
Which of these is an example of “sense of place” in Athens?
Tailgating at the game Commuting by car Studying in the library Working in the office |
|
|
vernacular landscape
|
everyday, mundane lived-in landscapes
|
|
|
symbolic landscape
|
landscape that is a representation of values, inspiration, imagined community
|
|
|
formal region
|
high degree of homogeneity for particular traits (language, religion, etc)
|
|
|
cultural region
|
geographical unit based on characteristics and functions of culture
|
|
|
functional region
|
variability in traits, but overall coherence to structure (political, social, etc)
|
|
|
territory
|
area claimed by or dependent on a sovereign power (geographic space)
|
|
|
sovereignty
|
supreme power; self-governance
|
|
|
power
|
the ability to have influence to impose one's will
|
|
|
coercive power
|
power involving force, conflict or violence
|
|
|
symbolic power
|
power involving a legitimate vision of the world
|
|
|
Geopolitics
|
the power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy and international political relations → boundaries
|
|
|
Ratzel's Model of the State
|
1.state grows with the growth of population
2.territorial growth follows other aspects of development 3.a state grows by absorbing smaller units 4.frontier reflects the strength, growth of the state 5.growth of the states requires absorbing valuable territory 6.state grows from more “primitive” to more “civilized” 7.trend toward growth is contagious |
|
|
boundaries/boarders
|
-define limits of territory
-create/reinforce spatial differentiation -regulates within the country -controls the flow in/out |
|
|
territory
|
Which of the following is NOT an example of a boundary?
Territory Graffiti Iron Curtain Rural/urban transition zone |
|
|
Nation
|
people of common heritage, memories, myths, homeland, culture, language and/or religion
|
|
|
State
|
a political unit, or independent country
|
|
|
National State
|
independent country composed of one or more nations, of which one is usually dominant
|
|
|
Multi-National State
|
independent country composed of many nations, many/none of which is/are dominant
|
|
|
Nationalism
|
feeling of belonging to a nation
|
|
|
sovereignty
|
belief that the nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs
|
|
|
Decolonization
|
reacquisition by colonized peoples of control over their own territory…
|
|
|
Tamil Tigers
|
two ethnic/religious groups in Sri Lanka:
→ Tamil: Hindu, speak Tamil, laborers → Sinhalese: Buddhist, speak Sinhalese, rulers |
|
|
Halford Mackinder
|
..implemented the Heartland Theory
|
|
|
Heartland Theory
|
1.Eurasia = most likely base to launch a campaign for world domination
2.Heartland is “geographical pivot” of the world 3.As sea power declines, land transportation technologies would increase 4.“Empire of the World” if a power came to control the world heartland 5.Germany-Russia or Japan-China alliances |
|
|
New World Order
|
..vision of America as a world leader
|
|
|
conflict
|
ongoing state of hostility between two or more groups or people
|
|
|
terrorism
|
the threat or use of force to bring about political change
|
|
|
characteristics of terrorism
|
-no state (often have a home base in a failed state that has been “hijacked”
-no legally recognized leaders -no peace treaties or alliances -no means of surrender -no boarders (network of insurgents) -no organized, visible military response to systematic and structural political, economic and cultural problems that are global in scale |
|
|
Zionism
|
nationalist liberation movement that seeks Jewish homeland in Israel; response to anti-semitism in Europe
|
|
|
Islamism
|
movement to create political systems and associated social and economic structures based on Islamic Law
|
|
|
Jerusalem
|
-holiest city of Judaism
-holiest city of some sects of Christianity -the 3rd holiest city of Islam |
|
|
Balfour Declaration
|
allowed Jews to settle in Palestine; led to Arab-Israeli conflict
|
|
|
Hamas
|
Islamic resistance Movement
|
|
|
Israel Conflict
|
led to the removal of Palestinians
|
|
|
Hamas Conflict
|
led to the destruction of Israeli State
|
|
|
Asia
|
Which continent has the greatest number of inhabitants?
North America Europe Asia Africa |
|
|
90%
|
What percent of world population lives north of the equator?
10 25 50 90 |
|
|
demography
|
the study of the characteristics of human populations (ex:distribution)
|
|
|
census
|
count of people in a nation, region, city
|
|
|
vital records
|
records of births, deaths, marriages
|
|
|
Birth/Fertility Rates
|
ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people in a population
|
|
|
Total fertility rate
|
number of children born to a woman between the ages of 15-49
|
|
|
Death/Mortality Rates
|
number of deaths per year per 1000 people
|
|
|
Infant Mortality Rate
|
annual number of deaths of infants less then one year of age compared to total number of births that same year
|
|
|
Life Expectancy
|
average number of years an infant is expected to live
|
|
|
current population growth rate
|
1.8%
|
|
|
when the worlds population will double
|
40 years
|
|
|
guest workers
|
Which of the following is an example of international voluntary migration?
Guest workers Deportees Refugees Eco-migrants |
|
|
asylum
|
Which of the following is a “pull” factor?
Disaster Famine Asylum War |
|
|
mobility
|
ability to move from one place to another
|
|
|
migration
|
long distance move to a new location
|
|
|
immigration
|
moving to a particular location
|
|
|
emigration
|
moving from a particular location
|
|
|
push factors
|
reasons to leave (lack of jobs, disasters, etc)
|
|
|
pull factors
|
reasons to go (freedom, reunification, etc)
|
|
|
forced migration
|
refugees, deportees
|
|
|
hunger
|
a socio-political problem, not an agricultural problem
|
|
|
Thomas Malthus Theory
|
food supply decreases, human population increases = we'll run out of food
|
|
|
culture
|
Shared set of meanings that are lived through our every day life
|
|
|
cultural institutions
|
Economy
Politics Religion Family Identity Environments |
|
|
Cultural Differences
|
Race
Class Gender Sexuality Religion Ethnicity |
|
|
Place-Based Identity
|
Identity associated with a particular place, related to the character of a place (ex: "dawgs" or arcitecture)
|
|
|
cultures
|
social creations that can be altered
|
|
|
Folk Culture
|
traditional practices → Amish in PA, barn styles, religion
|
|
|
Popular Culture
|
ontemporary, commercial practices → hip-hop culture, body piercings
|
|
|
cultural system
|
collection of interacting components that shape a groups collective
|
|
|
sex
|
anatomical differences (male/female)
|
|
|
gender
|
performance if identity associated with a particular sex (man/woman) -- hair style, clothing, etc
|
|
|
Sexuality
|
set of practices and identities that a given culture attaches to people and their sexual activity and desires
|
|
|
Corporeality
|
of, or having to do with the body → lipstick lesbian, skinhead gay
|
|
|
gypsies
|
Which of the following is NOT an example of people that conventional cultural geographers would associate with “popular culture?
Rappers Goths Soccer moms Gypsies |
|
|
false
|
A cultural complex is psychological disorder associated with cultural values.
True False |
|
|
civil citizenship
|
legal and civil rights to access courts, freedom from arbitrary arrest and rights to security of property
|
|
|
political citizenship
|
state rights to free speech, dissemination of political views in the media, rights to assembly and protest and the right to vote
|
|
|
social citizenship
|
rights to state guarantees of socio-economic well-being, including employment, health care, pensions or family benefits
|
|
|
ethnicity
|
socially created system of rules about who belongs to a particular group based on perceived commonalities such as shared genetic heritage, language, or religion
|
|
|
cultural complexes
|
"other" cultural elements (food music, etc)
|
|
|
race
|
classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics
|
|
|
territory
|
area claimed on a sovereign power (geographic space of the state or nation)
|
|
|
Sovereignty
|
supreme power – self governance
|
|
|
ethnic groups
|
ethnic minorities that co-exist with other ethnicities in multi-national states
|
|
|
Ethnic Separatism
|
desire for one or more ethnic groups to obtain sovereignty and split the territory claimed by many ethnic groups
|
|
|
ethnic cleansing
|
the forced removal of people of one ethnic group. Examples:
Hebrew conquest of Canaan Exile (Expulsion of Muslims, France) Forced migration (Trail of Tears) Forced march of POWs (..by Japanese forces) |
|
|
Ethnic Enclaves
|
district surrounded by a country but not ruled by it – or not culturally a part of it
|
|
|
Yugoslavia Today
|
2 republics: Serbia and Montenegro
2 autonomous regions: Kosovo and Vojvodina |
|
|
values
|
meanings and knowledge about good and bad, truth and falsehood, moral ways of life
|
|
|
Yugoslavia
|
an example of a country torn apart by ethnic tension
|
|
|
values
|
-Form personal/moral identities
-Frame group solidarity, affiliation -Provide in-group consensus -Provide principles for maintaining identity -Help make sense of behavior |
|
|
belief systems
|
individual beliefs or values meet institutions
|
|
|
religion
|
belief system and a set of practices that recognizes the existence of a higher power then humans
|
|
|
religion
|
-shapes food practices, family, death ceremonies, dress codes, coming of age rituals
-provides framework for moral development of adherents -binds people together in common identity -pulls people apart through deep ideological divides |
|
|
Hinduism
|
first religion to emerge about 4000 years ago, India
|
|
|
Buddhism
|
evolved as reform religion of Hinduism about 500BC, Asia
|
|
|
Christianity
|
evolved from Judaism about 2000 years ago in Middle East, Worldwide
|
|
|
Islam
|
developed in Middle East about 13000 years ago, Worldwide
|
|
|
Common Themes amongst religions
|
Compassion
Awe Devotion Obedience Forgiveness Generosity Justice |
|
|
Semiotics
|
Practice of reading “signs” → signs are anything embedded in spaces, places and landscapes
|
|
|
semiotics
|
The practice of writing and reading “signs” is….
Symbolism Signography Sign-orama Semiotics |
|
|
sacred space
|
A site designated as separate from the “ordinary” or “profane” is considered….
Sacred space Mecca A pilgrimage Semiotic |
|
|
sacred space
|
set apart from the ordinary, profane; purpose is to facilitate spiritual engagement
|
