Human Geography Exam 1

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the position that natural factors control the development of human physiological and mental qualities

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Environmental determinism

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The view that people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions or constraints of a particular natural environment

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Possible ism

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The collection of structures, fields, or other features that result from human transformation of the natural environment. Any landscape created or modified by people. The cultural landscape resembles a palimpsest . Visible expression of culture - for example, the settlement patterns, the structures people build , the architectural styles they choose, and the ways people use land - all provide clues about people's values, identity, and more broadly, their cultures.

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Cultural landscape

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Types of regions

Formal region: is an area that possesses one or more unifying physical or cultural traits.

functional region: is an area unified by a specific economic, political, or social activities.

Perceptual region: derived from people sense of identity an attachment to different areas.

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Types of region

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A social creation consisting of shared beliefs and practices that are dynamic rather than fixed, & a complex system that is shaped by people and, in turn, influences them.

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Culture

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What is culture

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1.) culture is a social creation that reflects diverse economic, historical, political, social, and environmental factors.

2.) culture is dynamic, not fixed, and can be contested. This is illustrated by the phrase culture wars.

3.) culture is a complex system. Through interactions with one another, people create an express culture, and turn culture shapes and influences people.

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Spreads randomly from one person to another. Example: a cold.

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Contagious diffusion

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Occurs in top - down or rank order

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Hierarchical diffusion

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Migration most common

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Relocation diffusion

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A locality distinguished by specific physical and social characteristics.

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place

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Bounded or unbounded area

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Space

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An area whose dimensions, distances, and directions, and contents can be precisely measured

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Absolute space

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refers to space that is created and defined by human interaction, perceptions, or relations between events.

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Relative space

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The physical characteristic of a place, such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources. Every place can be identified by absolute location, latitude and longitude.

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Site

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The geographic context of a place, including its political, economic, social, or other characteristics.

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Situation

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The degree to which two or more phenomena share similar distributions.

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Spatial Association

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Exists when one place or region can supply the demand for resources or goods in another place or region; a basis for trade

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complementarity: a component of spectral interaction

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The cost of moving a good and the ability of the good to withstand the cost. High value goods that are not bulky and can be easily transported, such as jewelry, have high transferability. It is affected by friction and distance, or the way that distance can impedement or interaction between places

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Transferability: a component of spatial interaction

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Is a different location that can provide a desired good more economically.

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Intervening opportunity: spatial interaction component

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What changes are creating space convergence?

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Technology: email, cell phones - becomes more prevalent in face-to-face interaction.

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Cardiographic scale

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Small-scale . Large-scale. Even larger scale map.

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Acquiring information about something that is located at a distance from you

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Remote sensing

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Uses a constellation of artificial satellites, radio signals, and receivers to determine the absolute location of people, places, and teachers on earth. It uses the time it takes to receive a signal from a satellite to calculate how far away the satellite is.

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Global Positioning System

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Uses geo-referenced data , direct is latitude and longitude, indiret is address, zip code , school district, census tracts, or spatial define entity, to enable the input, management, analysis, and visualization of Geo-referenced data.

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Geographic information systems

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The increase in international connections among places via rapid flows of goods, people and ideas

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Horizontal expansion

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The deepening of connections between places through the development of policies, such as trade agreements that formalize and strengthen those linkages .

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Vertical expansion

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The five main factors of globalization

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1. The quest for global markets associated with capitalism. This includes searching for locations where goods can be produced and distributed efficiently.
2 . Technological advances, especially in the areas of transportation, telecommunication, and digital computers.
3. Reduce business costs, such as lower cost for long distance transportation.
4. An increase in the flows of financial capital, as a result of trade and international investments
5. Policy, including laws and institutional arrangements, that support the four previously mentioned factors.

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Businesses who owns office or production facilities and one or more other countries

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Multinational or transnational corporations

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Advantages and disadvantages of foreign direct investment

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FDI increases the flow of cash into a country and can promote economic activity, raise employment, and lead to the transfer of knowledge, technology, and infrastructure. A disadvantage: FDI can make it difficult for local companies to lack comparable financial resources to complete MNC's

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The practices, attitudes, and preferences held in common by large numbers of people and considered to be mainstream. It encompasses products that are mass produced --- for example music, video games, TV shows, cars, clothing --- as well as widely held attitudes. Heavily influenced by mass media of rapid change, as in fads come and go

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Pop culture

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groups of people whose members share similar cultural traits, live predominantly in rural areas, and whose livelihood is minimally connected to global market economy

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Folk culture

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The standardization of eating habits --- specifically through the provision of fast food eaten on the go, out of styrene packages or paper wraps

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McDonaldization

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The hegemony or MNC's create a set of power relations similar to those that exist between a country and its colonies, producing a kind of imperialism

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Coca Cola nization

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A renewed interest in sustaining and promoting the uniqueness of the place.

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neo localism

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The idea that global and local forces interact in that both are changed in the process. Example: McDonalds menu and India --- a beef less menu.

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glocalism

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The conversion of an object, a concept, or a procedure once not available for purchase into a good or service that can be brought or sold. Example: advertising and diamonds --- diamonds are globally newness Hagar jewels, not because they are scarce but they are marketed as weird rules. Also and sports Maori haka, ritual dance.

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Commodification

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how can heritage or culture be commodified? What are the problems which arise from this commodification?

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The creation of heritage attractions. the problem is that dissonances heritage, meaning the view is inconsistent. It also causes conflict an particularism (uses of heritage is group specific)

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how can heritage or culture be commodified? What are the problems which arise from this commodification?

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The creation of heritage attractions. the problem is that dissonances heritage, meaning the view is inconsistent. It also causes conflict an particularism (uses of heritage is group specific)

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what are some attributes of local knowledge?

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1. Local knowledge is usually transmitted orally or is written down. In many cases oral transmission is supplemented by activities or stories that help to demonstrate a procedure or reinforce a particular practice.
2. Local knowledge is dynamic and continuously evolving --- changing to reflect the acquisition of new observations and information.
3. Local knowledge does not exist as a single, monolithic entity. Rather, numerous reservoirs of local knowledge or retain by different individuals and groups within a community.

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The attempt to discover and living organism fire chemicals or genetic sequences and have medical, agricultural, or industrial value.

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Bio prospecting

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What is the connection between distribution of human population around the world and the availability arable land ?

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This is a logical density takes into account how much of the land is arable land ( how much of the land can be used for agriculture). To calculate, divide the total population by the total area of arable land.

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The number of people per unit area of land. Divide the total population by land total

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Arithmetic

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The number of people per unit area of arable land. Divide total population by arable land

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Physiographic

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The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her childbearing years, between 15 to 49 , given current birth rates.

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Total fertility rate

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2.1, necessary for the population to replace itself.

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Replacement total fertility rate

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What are some examples of pronatalism antinatal list population policies

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Pronatalist- Europe gives tax concessions to families with three or more children, subsidized daycare, permit parental leave, and prevent women from being fired while on maternity leave.
antinatalist- China one child policy. the second must be five years apart at least.

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Death rate - birth rate; convert answer to percentage. example 8-20=12 = 1.2%

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Rate of natural increase

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70/RNI= 70/1.2=58 pop. will double in 58 years

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Population doubling time

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What information does a population pyramid provide

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A bar graph that shows the age and gender composition of a population. Provides information about the population growth, slow, rapid, or decline.

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The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 as a proportion of the working age population.

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age dependents

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What can sex ratios tell us about cultural dynamics of gender and sex in a country?

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Sex ratios can tell us if the country singers male gender more than women gender, as in Asian countries where the sex ratios are highly favored in the male directions

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RNI is low. Historically the longest stage, life expectancy is short perhaps 30 years, and mortality is high.

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Stage 1

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RNI is high. Birth very high, but death rates falls dramatically, producing rapid population growth

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Stage 2

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RNI is declining. Ongoing industrialization and urbanization, etc. More women in the work field, bringing a decline in birth rates, population growth at first lose every time

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Stage 3

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RNI is low. Demographic transition is complete. Birth rates, death rates, and population growth are low. Low birth rates reflect higher standards of living.

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Stage 4

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are those who share general view of malthus . They argue that because the world's resources are limited, there is a natural limit of the number of people the earth can support at a comfortable level of living.

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Neo-Malthusian

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A theory that human ingenuity generates a captive strategies that lead to human well being.

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Cornucopian

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the difference between emigration into and emigration from an area in a given period Of time, such as a year

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Net migration

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Unfavorable conditions or attributes of a place and encourage encourages migration

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Push factor in migration

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Favorable conditions or attributes of a place that encourages migration

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pull factor in migration

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One who flees to another country out of concern for personal safety or to avoid persecution

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Refugee

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People forcibly driven from their homes and to a different part of their country

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Internally - displaced person

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The loss of educated citizens in a country, due to better job opportunity somewhere else.

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Brain drain

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The financial or non financial resources sent by immigrants to their home countries

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Remittances

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A system of communication based on symbols that have a greed upon meaning

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Language

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A particular variety of a language characterized by distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and/or pronunciation.

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Dialect

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Different pronunciation of the same dialect

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Accent

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The norm or authoritative model of language usage.

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Standard language for dialect

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What are the 9 languages in the world with over 100 million native speakers

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Chinese
Spanish
English
Arabic
Hindu
Bengali
Portuguese
Russian
Japanese

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A collection of languages that share common but distant ancestor

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Language family

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What explains the geographical diffusion of languages around the globe

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Map showing the distribution of the language family is raised questions about where language family is originated --- there Hearths ( a place or region where an innovation, idea, belief, or cultural practice begins.)

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A situation in which one language becomes comparatively more powerful than another language . This concept connects the use of languages in the public sphere because it sometimes is more of a result of economic power and political power rather than size.

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Linguistic dominance

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A language that is used to facilitate trade or business between people who speak different languages. Hausa is the lingua franca for northern Nigeria. English is a global lingua franca.

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Lingua franca

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What makes a language endangered? What is potentially lost one linguistic diversity decreases?

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A language is no longer taught two children by their parents and is not used for everyday conversation. Languages is one more factor that influences distribution and mixture of languages in the world.

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A line that marks the boundaries of word usage on a map. They are often used to determine the way certain words are pronounced in certain areas of the country to determine where the accents change.

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Isogloss

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A place name. They can indicate the cultural landscape that a certain area has, and example is Southern California, most of the places there have Spanish related names because it was once part of Mexico.

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toponym