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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Advantages of fire |
- cooking food - increases illumination - encourages food sharing and bonding - reduces danger from predators - allowed expansion into cold areas - drives animals into traps - process other materials eg: wood spears |
There are 7 |
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Why is cooking food advantageous? |
- increases range of foods that can be consumed - increases food hygiene - reduces time needed for digestion / shorter gut / freeing up calories for larger brain - allows more calories to be accessed - reduces time spent gathering food / frees up time for social activities/ stimulates brain development |
There are 5 |
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Who started burying their dead and what is the advantage to it? |
Neanderthals They reduced attraction to predators and stops spreading of diseases and creates group bonding by having emotional needs satisfied. |
There are 3 |
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Who introduced clothing and why was it advantageous? |
Neanderthals and Homo sapiens Allowed them to inhabit colder habitats during ice ages |
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What is scavenging vs hunting? |
Scavenging is looking for foods such as fruits and nuts Hunting was killing live stock for meat |
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Systematic hunting |
When a group premeditate a hunt of a larger game, must have communication of some sort |
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Domestication advantages and disadvantages |
Advantages: adapted wild stock for human use, greater range of food source, less dangerous, less time and work needed to collect food, no need to travel for food sources Disadvantages: increases populations increases chance of epidemics, lack of variety in diet leads to deficiencies, vulnerable to crop failure, issues of property and ownership, reliance on stored food in winter |
5 in each |
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Multi regional |
Homo erectus migrated from Africa about 1.5 mya. Populations established in Europe and Asia. Some level of gene flow prevented speciation. Homo sapiens evolved in all areas due to advantageous adaptations. |
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Out of Africa |
Homo erectus migrated from Africa. Populations established in Europe and Asia and become geographically isolated. No gene flow therefore they become reproductively isolated. Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 ya then migrated out of Africa and replaced all other populations without significant interbreeding. |
Interbreeding |
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Fossils? |
Found in sedimentary rock oldest at bottom and youngest at top Intermediates between homo erectus and Neanderthals and modern humans exist. The supports the multiregional theory. Using fossil evidence is challenging as fossils are very rare and are usually incomplete and any fossils found with tools could be misplaced as species may have used the same types of tools. The first modern fossil was found in Africa -supports Out of Africa theory |
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mtDNA |
Inherited along the female line only and can be traced back to a single female. Supports out of Africa theory as it uses mtDNA analysis to support the idea that the oldest living modern human cane from Africa. Does not undergo recombination in meiosis. Has consistent mutation rate and gives timeline of genetic change |
4 things |
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Y chromosomes |
Inherited a long male line only and can be traced back to a single male Supports out of Africa theory No recombination in the non-homologous section of the Y-chromosome Has variation due to mutations which can be traced |
4 things |
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Which theory is most supported? MR or OoA |
More recent evidence suggests out of Africa has most justification. However the introduction of Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA into gene pools of non-African modern humans show that interbreeding must have occurred which supports multiregional theory |
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Bipedalism and hands positive feed back loops |
Bipedalism > changes in foot and reduced hairiness > infant cannot grap on and needs carrying > hands free > bipedalism
Bipedalism > food gathering and sharing > changes in social and reproductive behaviour > hands free > bipedalism |
There are 2 |
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Increased brain size and intelligence positive feedback Loop |
Increased brain size and intelligence > development of advanced tools clothes fire and language > greater quantity and quality of food > increased survival > increased brain size and intelligence Increased brain size and intelligence > larger brain babies > selection of females with a larger pelvis > increased survival of babies > increased brain size and intelligence |
There are 2 one includes pelvis shape |
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Why did bipedalism evolve? |
It is thought that bipedalism evolved due to a drier and cooler climate |
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Advantages to bipedalism |
- greater height and awareness of surroundings (predators, food sources) - more efficient locomotion - thermoregulation - decreased exposure to sun - Ability to carry objects (tools, infants, food) |
There are 4 |
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Changes in the skull to support bipedalism |
- Foramen Magnum positioned in centre of skull thus to balance the skull over the spine - reduction of nuchal crest indicating that the size of the neck muscles have decreased as the weight of the head supported by the spine and no longer the neck muscles |
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Changes in the skull to support diet |
- lack of sagittal crest and reduced zygomatic arch indicates smaller jaw muscles - Reduced molars and pre-molars indicate food needed less chewing - more meat and less vegetation in diet |
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Features of skull showing larger brain |
- flatter face - lack of brow ridges as forehead becomes more upright - rounder skull |
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Brain and nutrients |
The brain is an energy demanding organ and requires a nutritious high energy supply of food. With a larger brain hominids were able to manufacture better tools, co-operate more, obtaining better prey providing the right nutrition for the brain |
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Tools and intelligence |
Better tools use encouraged greater foresight, this stimulated brain development which provided the basis of better tool use more food and nutrients for a larger brain. |
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Cultural evolution |
The development in learned behaviour from one generation to the next |
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Biological evolution |
The development of genetic material through DNA from one generation to the next |
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What is cultural evolution |
Learned and taught, limited by learning ability intelligence, collective knowledge accumulated over many generations |
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What is cultural evolution |
Learned and taught, limited by learning ability intelligence, collective knowledge accumulated over many generations |
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What is biological evolution? |
Genetically inherited through DNA, genes and chromosomes, parents to offspring only, limited by meiosis and fertilisation |
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What is cultural evolution |
Learned and taught, limited by learning ability intelligence, collective knowledge accumulated over many generations |
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What is biological evolution? |
Genetically inherited through DNA, genes and chromosomes, parents to offspring only, limited by meiosis and fertilisation |
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the spine |
Generally upright or vertical supports the skull which is balanced on top of the vertebral column Spine is S shaped allowing the centre of gravity to be balanced above the pelvis and hip joint No weight is supported by the arms |
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What is cultural evolution |
Learned and taught, limited by learning ability intelligence, collective knowledge accumulated over many generations |
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What is biological evolution? |
Genetically inherited through DNA, genes and chromosomes, parents to offspring only, limited by meiosis and fertilisation |
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the spine |
Generally upright or vertical supports the skull which is balanced on top of the vertebral column Spine is S shaped allowing the centre of gravity to be balanced above the pelvis and hip joint No weight is supported by the arms |
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Skeletal changes links to bipedalism in the chest |
Broad and narrow Long collarbone and scapula (shoulder blade) house behind the shoulder joints |
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What is cultural evolution |
Learned and taught, limited by learning ability intelligence, collective knowledge accumulated over many generations |
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What is biological evolution? |
Genetically inherited through DNA, genes and chromosomes, parents to offspring only, limited by meiosis and fertilisation |
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the spine |
Generally upright or vertical supports the skull which is balanced on top of the vertebral column Spine is S shaped allowing the centre of gravity to be balanced above the pelvis and hip joint No weight is supported by the arms |
4 |
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Skeletal changes links to bipedalism in the chest |
Broad and narrow Long collarbone and scapula (shoulder blade) house behind the shoulder joints |
2 |
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Skeletal changes links to bipedalism in the arms |
Relatively short arms Mobile shoulder joint retained |
2 |
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the pelvis |
Broad and shallow (bowl shaped) and supports the abdominal organs Larger gluteus maximus muscles that maintain upright position |
2 |
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the pelvis |
Broad and shallow (bowl shaped) and supports the abdominal organs Larger gluteus maximus muscles that maintain upright position |
2 |
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the legs |
Legs longer than arms Femur: heat of femur wider then knees, femur angled inwards (valgus angle) Knee: under the body (centre of gravity) thus less side to side movement needed when walking bipedally
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the legs |
Legs longer than arms Femur: heat of femur wider then knees, femur angled inwards (valgus angle) Knee: under the body (centre of gravity) thus less side to side movement needed when walking bipedally
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Knee and femur |
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Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism in the foot |
Toes shorter straight less mobile Big toe longer no gap used to push forward when taking a stride Arched foot stores energy from one stride for pushing forward on the next Larger heel takes initial contact weight transferred through arched foot to toes for push off |
4 |
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Nuchal crest |
Neck muscles! Nuchal muscles (located at the back of the skull and keep the skull upright) are smaller, muscles are attached to a nuchal crest at the back of the skull for humans Apes: larger because the skull needs to be lifted against gravity so face is forward, nuchal crest area is larger |
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Sagittal crest |
Jaw muscles! Sagittal crest (along the top of the skull) which serves as attachment for chewing muscles usually absent in humans Apes: present, jaw muscles are used for defence and competitive interactions |
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Zygomatic arch |
Humans: does not flare out, face is narrower Apes: flares out to accomodate for large chewing muscles, gives a wide face |
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Changes in the skull: jaw |
Becomes lighter as more meat was included in diet and as fire was used to cook food Reduced jaw (non-prognathic) Jaw shape is semicircular |
3 |
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Endocranial changes |
Increased brain size to 1400 cc from 400 cc Cerebellum: finer muscle coordination and balance Cerebrum: problem solving, complex processing Brocca’s and Wernicke’s area: sound sequencing and processing |
4 |
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Changes in the manipulative ability of the hand |
Thumb longer and more mobile than that of apes Increased dexterity in thumb joints and ligaments Precision grip and fine manipulation possible because the thumb is longer and has very sensitive pads Straight fingers (These changes have huge implications for tool use and cultural evolution) |
4 and tool use and cultural evolution |
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Tools |
OAMU Oldawan: Homo habilis, small single faced stone tools used for chopping and cutting Acheulian: homo erectus, both faces worked on, tear drop shape Mousterian: homo Neanderthals, flakes chipped off a core, wooden spears made for stabbing Upper Palaeolithic: Homo sapiens, specialised, several materials (bone, wood) |
OAMU |
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Quadrapedal |
Habitually use four legs in locomotion |
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Quadrapedal |
Habitually use four legs in locomotion |
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Bipedal |
Habitually use two legs in locomotion |
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