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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology
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The study of Humans
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Culture
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A tradition of learned behavior
Socially transmitted knowldege |
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Archeology
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Study of the material culture of past peoples
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Paleontologists
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Study fossil records of the human family tree
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Osteologists
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Study of Bones
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Paleopathology
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Looking at bone pathology
Disease, nutrition, etc... |
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What does my prof study in specific?
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Brains
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Scientific Method
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Make Observation
Identify variables Make a hypothesis Try experiement and collect data evaluate the data publish works re-evaluate experiment |
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Fixity of Species
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All species are present as they have always been
(species don't change over time) |
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Stasis
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No change
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Great Chain of Being
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Bottom: Fungus
PLants Invertebrates Vertebrates Furry Mammals Top: Humans |
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Great Chain of Beings means there must be a 'Grand Creator'.
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True
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Bishop Usher
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1581-1656
Catholic Came up with a date for when God created the earth |
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According to Bishop Usher, which year was earth created?
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4004 BC
Based on Genesis |
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Renaissance
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Revival of Science
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Vesalius
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Anatomist
The 'Thinking Man' statue was based of him Dug up new graves to get cadavers b/c dissecting adavers was illegal |
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Harvey
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Determined how blood flows
Medicinal plants |
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John Ray
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1627-1705
Coined the terms 'Genus' and 'Species' |
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Species
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Organisms are separated from other organisms by their ability to reproduce
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Linnaeus
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1707-1778
Father of Taxonomy Came up with the 'System of Nature' (Binomial Nomenclature) |
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Gave every plant and animal a genus and a species name
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Who didn't believe in 'Organic Change' until the very end of his life?
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Linnaeus
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Buffon
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1707-1788
44 Volume Encyclopedia of Science Believed species can change over time and the environment was the agent of change |
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Erasmus Darwin
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1703-1802
Grandfather of Charles Big in poetry Wrote about nature and how living things came from microorganisms Had a huge impact on Charles |
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Lamarck
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1744-1749
Postulated a mechanism for organic change 'Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics' |
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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
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Use and disuse of characteristics decides whether they continue in the next generation
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Cuvier
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1769-1832
Father of Comparative Anatomy Compared fossils to living species as well as living species Antievolutionist |
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Catastrophism
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Cycles of creation followed by cycles of destruction
Cuvier |
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Lyell
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1797-1875
Geologist Thought the world was very old Uniformitarianism Wrote 'Principles of Geology' |
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Uniformitarianism
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Geological processes are ongoing and slow
Deep time |
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Malthus
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Economist
Realized populations increase over time but food supplies remain stable |
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Charles Darwin
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Went on a 5 year journey around the world
Was the captain's company for the voyage |
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Which book did Darwin read on his voyage that helped him develop his theories of evolution?
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'Principles Geology' by Lyell
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Which animal did Darwin observe on the Galapagos islands? Why?
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Finches. Because, due to the lack of species variation on the island, the finches changed to fit different needs. There was a 'hummingbird finch', 'woodpecker finch', 'Vampire finch', and so on and so forth.
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When did Darwin first put his theories of evolution into writing?
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In secret letters to a friend. It was revolutionary and slightly illegal.
Published his actual manuscript 20 years later. |
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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Had Malaria and thought a lot about death.
Finally recovered and came up with natural selection. He was a little late to the party cause Darwin figured it out 20 years before hand. |
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Who co-authored the 'Theory of Natural Selection'?
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Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace
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Tenets of Natural Selection
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*All species are capable of reproducing faster than food supplies increases
*Struggle for existence so not everyone gets a chance to survive *Individuals with more favorable traits are more likely to reproduce *Environment determines which traits are favorable |
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Natural Selection states that traits are genetically inheritable. T/F?
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True
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Over time, what can an accumulation of favorable traits lead to in a population?
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An entirely new species.
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Darwin's Evidence for Natural Selection
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-Homologous Structures
-Vestigial Structures -Embryology -Geography |
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Homologous Structures
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Characteristics that species share due to a common ancestor
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Vestigial Structures
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Structures in/on an organism that is not functional
-left over from previous ancestor -polythelia |
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Polythelia
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Extra nipple
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Embryology
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All embryos early in development look very similar
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Geography
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Studied islands off the African and S. American coast and observed the life there.
Despite their like environments, the S. American Island life didn't look like the African Island life. They looked like their respective mainland life. |
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Difference between Artificial Selection and Natural Selection
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-AS implies a 'Maker', NS doesn't.
-AS takes a short time, NS takes ages. -AS doesn't use the environment, NS is based on the environment -AS has a goal, NS doesn't |
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Natural Selection
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The genetic change in a population over time due to differential net reproduction success of individuals.
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Differential Net Reproductive Success
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The number of offspring you raise to reproductive age.
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Natural Selection acts on the *population* but it is the *individual* that evolves. T/F?
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False. Natural Selection acts on the *individual* but it is the *population* that evolves.
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Industrial Melanism Insights
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-Traits must be inherited to be important in NS
-Must be variation on the trait for NS to act -Fitness of the organism is relative to the enviroment |
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Differences b/w Darwin and Wallace's view on NS
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Wallace
-NS accounts for all traits in an organism Darwin -NS is important but sexual selection |
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Cell
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basic unit of life
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Somatic cell
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Soma means 'body'
All cells of the body (skin, muscles, organs) |
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Sex cells
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aka Germ Cells
Female - Eggs Male - Sperm All significant traits get passed on are in the sex cells |
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Egg + Sperm = ?
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Zygote
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5 Kingdoms of Taxonomy
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Monera
Protista Fungi Plants Animals |
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Monera
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Prokaryotes
Asexual reproduction -EX.: algea |
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Prokaryotes
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No nucleus
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Protista
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Eukaryotes
Asexual reproduction |
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Eukaryotes
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Have a nucleus
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Fungi
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Eukaryotes
Sexual reproduction |
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Plants
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Eukaryotes
Sexual reproduction |
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Animals
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Eukaryotes
Sexual reproduction |
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Found in the nucleus of eukayotes |
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How many '3 letter words' is DNA made up of?
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64
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Nucleotides
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Sugar + Phosphate + 1 of the 4 DNA bases
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In DNA, 'Deoxyribose' refers to which part of the nucleotide?
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Sugar
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What are the 4 DNA bases?
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Adenine (A)
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) |
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What are the pairings of the DNA bases?
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Adenine = Thymine
Cytosine = Guanine |
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DNA looks like which home repair tool?
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A ladder
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The backbone of the DNA is made of what?
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Sugar and Phosphate
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The 'rungs' of the DNA are made up of what?
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Combinations of the 4 bases
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Draw a picture of a DNA string (or as close as you can get)
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l_l
l_l l_l l l |
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Steps for DNA replication
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-Break H bonds b/w bases
-Put 2 new H strands in and pair up old bases w/ new counterparts. |
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How does a single zygote turn into a tiny human?
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Replicates in the womb to make a person.
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How are identical twins possible?
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Before it begins to replicate, the zygote splits and then goes on to replicate normally.
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Dyzygotic (Fraternal) twins
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2 eggs are fertilized at the same time, creating 2 zygotes.
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Protein synthesis accounts for what part of a person
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Skin color, height, insulin, ect...
without it, we'd be dead. |
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Protein Synthesis
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Making of proteins
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Kinds of proteins
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DNA
mRNA tRNA Ribosome |
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DNA
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double stranded
Large Lives in the nucleus (the recipe) |
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mRNA
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messenger
carries DNA info outside the nucleus (takes the recipe to the tRNA so it knows what ingredients are needed) |
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tRNA
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transfers RNA brings the amino acid that will make up the protien
(the grocery shopper for the correct ingredients) |
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Ribosome
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Put together the protein from the amino acid
(the cook that whips up the protein with the ingredients from tRNA) |
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DNA vs RNA
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Can't leave the nucleus vs can move in and out of the nucleus
ATCG vs AUCG |
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Which base is never used in RNA?
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'T', it is always replaced with 'U' instead.
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Stages of Protein Synthesis
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Transcription
Translation -C comes before L |
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Transcription
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Occurs in the nucleus
Cell recieves signal that it needs to make a protein only a portion of DNA is responsible for certain proteins |
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Microevolution
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Change in the frequency of an allele
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Macroevolution
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Big change
-Appearance of a new species |
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Translation
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mRNA travels to the Ribsosome and makes matches while reading 3 bases of the DNA code at a time.
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Triplet
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3 letters of DNA
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Codon
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mRNA
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Anticodon
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tRNA
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3 RNA bases + 3 amino acids
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64 words or 20 amino acids
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Ex: TAC
Triplet:? Codon:? Anticodon:? |
Triplet: TAC
Codon: AUG Anticodon: UAC |
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Codigene
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Portion of DNA that codes for a protein or part of a protein
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Allele
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Alternate forms of a gene
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Locus
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Position on a chromosome where the gene (or allele) is located
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Point Mutation
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A change in one base of DNA
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Result of a Point Mutation
Hemoglobin is affected by sickle cell anemia |
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Mutations are the only source of new genetic information. T/F?
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True
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Chromosome
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Basis of DNA
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How many chromosomes in a normal person?
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46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
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Which chromosome pair is the shortest in the DNA strand?
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22
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Autosomes
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Chromosome pairs 1-22
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What is Chromosome pair 23 considered?
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Sex Chromosome
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What are the two (normal) variations of the the sex chromosome?
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XX and Xy
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XX means which gender?
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Female
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Xy means which gender?
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Male
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What has to work to make an organism male?
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-Has to happen in the embryo
SRY codes TDF (Testis Determining) Bi-potential gonad Testis Androgens (Testosterone) |
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Mitosis
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Simple cell division for all somatic cells
DNA replication Split replicas and creates 2 identical daughter cells |
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Meiosis
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Only occurs in Ovaries and Testes
Makes eggs and sperm reduces # of chromosomes when making sex cell |
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Crossing over (in Meiosis)
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Recombination
makes 4 instead of 2 |
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46 chromosomes make 1 ____
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diploid
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23 chromosomes makes 1 ______
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Haploid
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Functions of Meiosis
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Creates sex cells
Reduces # of chromosomes to 23 Separates the X and y chromosomes for gender |
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Nondisjunction
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Homologous chromosomes fail to separate after crossing over
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23 chromosomes + 22 chromosomes = 45
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Monosomy
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23 chromosomes + 24 chromosomes = 47
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Trisomy
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Autosomal Aneuploid
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Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome)
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Turner's 45
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Always a female
Infertile Physical deficiencies Spatial relationship |
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Kleinfelter's
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Male
XXy Infertile Aren't aware of a problem until they try to conceive Some may have wider hips of mammary tissue but that's rare |
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IDK what it's called. I missed this... :/
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Xyy
Normally male tall |
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Which pairing is not compatible with life?
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YY
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How can males survive with only 1 X chromosome?
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Barr body
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Barr body
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An inactivated X chromosome in a female
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Penis at 12
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So much testosterone when a girl turns 12 that the testes that were inside where her uterus should have been grows out and she becomes a fully functioning male.
Only in the Dominican Republic and New York |
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Gregor Mendel
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Monk that worked with pea plants
discovered genetics, pretty much |
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Pea plants have what kind of traits?
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Discrete (easily discerned)
Ex: Height: Tall or short (never medium) |
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Principle of Segregation
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Alleles occur in pairs
separated during gamete formation |
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Gamete
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sex cell
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Principle of Independent Assortment
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Characteristics that are coded for on 1 chromosome do not influence the incidence of characteristics coded for on another chromosome
Ex: Green and smooth Green and wrinkle (never: kinda green or kinda wrinkly) |
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Dominant trait
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Alleles are always expressed
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Recessive trait
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Alleles are not expressed if paired with a dominant allele
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Allele (more in depth)
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Variants of a gene
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Genotype
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Alleles at the genetic locus
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There are alleles for every autosomal locus. T/F?
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True
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Phenotype
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Physical expression of the genotype
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Punnet Square
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Created by Mendel
If you don't know this, your an idiot. We've done this since 5th fucking grade. |
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Homozygote
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Two of the same alleles
AA and aa |
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Heterozygote
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Aa
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Pleitropy
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One genetic locus affects seemingly unrelated traits
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Mendelian Traits
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Traits of simple inheritance governed by one genetic locus
Traits are discrete |
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Autosomal Dominant
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The allele responsible for the trait is dominant
Only 1 allele is needed to express the trait Tend to see these in every generation |
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Autosomal Recessive
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2 recessive alleles are needed to express the trait
Lowercase Tends to skip generations |
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Sex-linked
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On X or Y chromosomes
X-linked traits Ex: Hemophelia XH - normal Xh - hemophelia allele |
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Polygenic traits
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Multiple loci (chromosomes)
complex inheritance Continuation of what a trait could be |
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In Medelain traits, the genotype dictates phenotype. T/F?
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True.
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In Polygenic, the environment plays no role in the prediction of the phenotype. T/F?
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False.
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Psychosocial Dwarfism
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Ex of Polygenic trait being influenced by environment
Child literally fails to grow due to abusive home life Despite calories consumed, child will not grow. Can be halted before puberty but if child hits puberty, there is no way they can catch up. |
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Mitochondria
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Organelles in the cell's cytoplasm
Used to be a prokaryotic cells but was absorbed into a eukaryotic cell (Endocytized) Makes ATP (Energy for the cell) |
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MtDNA
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Mitochondria
Circular Comprised of only about 40 genes |
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Selectionists
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Slow, gradual changes through time
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Mutationists
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Fast, dramatic changes as a result of mutations
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Modern Synthesis
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Combined Selectionists and Mutationists cause they aren't mutually exclusive.
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Evolution (in Modern Synthesis)
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production and redistribution of variation
Natural selection acts on this variation |
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Population
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A group where mates are found
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Evolution (the actual definition)
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A change in the frequency of a trait in a population over time as a result of natural selection.
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Forces of Evolution
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Account for the variability we see in the frequency of alleles
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Mutation
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An actual change in DNA
can end up coding an entirely different protein Only source of new genetic material Usually weeded out of a population unless they are useful |
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Gene flow
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Exchange of genetic material between population
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Genetic Drift
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Changes in gene frequencies due to chance events
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Bottleneck Effect
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A large population drastically reduced in size by some disaster will lose genetic diversity, resulting uniformity can leave populations vulnerable
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Founder's Affect
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Small group of people break off from larger pop.
Reduced variation in the pop overall results in the change in the variation in alleles |
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Natural Selection
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Change int eh frequency of alleles in a pop b/c of differential reproductive fitness
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Polymorphism
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I think it's a bad thing but I can't tell from my notes... sounds like a gene changes or something.
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