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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All of the following are components of the respiratory system except:
bronchioles bronchi alveoli trachea atria |
atria
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True/False
Alveoli are thick walled structures found in the upper respiratory system |
False
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Red blood cells acquire oxygen during transit through the lungs and release oxygen during transit through capillary beds because...
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the concentration of oxygen is greater in the lungs that is the concentration of CO2 and the reverse is true in capillary beds
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It is important to acquire oxygen and dispose of CO2 because
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O2 is needed for production of energy and CO2 is a byproduct of normal metabolism
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Allergic Rhinitis is commonly know as
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hay fever
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True/False
Allergic Rhinitis is a classic type 1 hypersensitivity |
true
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What primarily causes Allergic Rhinitis
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histamine
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What type of antibody is involved in allergic rhinitis
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IgE
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What illness is caused by excess production of mucus in the bronchi and inflammation?
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Asthma
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What most often causes chronic bronchitis?
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cigarette smoking
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True/False
Emphysema is rare among non-smokers? |
true
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What is the most common cause of pneumonia?
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bacteria
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The glands of the endocrine system include
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pancreas
thyroid adrenals pituitary |
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Types of hormones produced by the endocrine system
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peptide, protein, amino acid, and steroid hormones
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The production and release of the anterior pituitary hormones is regulated by releasing and inhibiting factors from the
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hypothalamus
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Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland control levels of
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thyroid hormone, adrenal cortical hormones and sex hormones
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The hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include
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mineralocorticoids
androgens glucocorticoids |
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by
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immune mediated destruction of the beta cells
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Most people with type 2 diabetes are normal weight or over weight
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overweight
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Addison's disease results from
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inadequate production of cortisol
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Type 1 diabetes is most common in
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young people
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Type 2 diabetes is most common in
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older people
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True/ False
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing, but the incidence of type 1 diabetes is staying about the same |
false
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Grave's disease is caused by
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the abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by antibodies that cind to normal thyroid stimulating hormone receptors
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What are some facts about Hypothyroidism
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may be congenital or acquired
also know as cretinism may cause mental retardation in children symptoms include myxedema |
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Cortisol is _______ suppressive
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immune
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What are some cells found in the skin
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keratinocytes
langerhan's cells melanocytes basal cells |
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Keratinocytes are found in which layer of the skin?
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epidermis
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What type of cancer is most directly correlated with exposure to sunlight?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Sunlight may cause skin cancer by
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damaging DNA
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What is one thing that does not contribute to acne
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viruses
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What are some true statements about cartilage
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It is essential for growth before and after birth
It is found on the articular surfaces of bones in adults it has a smooth and resilient surface |
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Where is cancellous bone found?
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in the interior of bones
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What serves to connect muscles to bones
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tendons
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What is a sprain?
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injury to the ligamentous structures that support a joint
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Which types of bone cells is responsible for building bone matrix?
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osteoblasts
osteocytes |
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What are facts about osteoporosis?
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it results in loss of bone mass
it is most common metabolic bone disease in the US it is more common in the elderly it results in increased frequency of bone fractures |
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Neoplasia is defined as a ______
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tumor
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Metastasis refers to
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the process whereby malignant cells enter the blood or lymph and establish new tumors at distant sites
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True/False
Breast cancer is the leading cancer related killer of women in the US |
False
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What function is performed by neurotransmitters?
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transmission of nerve signals across synapses
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True/ False
The function of microglial cells is to send nerve signals to skeletal muscles |
False
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Thrombosis may cause what?
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stroke
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The meninges include:
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the dura, arachnoid, pia
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What is the most common demylinating disease in humans?
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Multiple sclerosis
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Symptoms of gastrointestinal disorder
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vomiting
bleeding anorexia portal vein hyperstension |
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The primary absorptive function of the large intestine is
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absorption of water
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True/ False
Bacterial Infections are in part responsible for the majority of peptic ulcers |
True
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What does the small intestine absorb?
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fats
proteins vitamins minerals |
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Celiac disease is the result of
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autoimmune destruction of the villi in the small intestine
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Gall stones are common in who?
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Those over the age of 60
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What are some facts about viral hepatitis?
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a precursor to liver cancer
caused by any of at lease 5 different viruses transmitted via contaminated food transmitted via sexual intercourse |
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Clinical manifestations of liver disease include
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ascites
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Why can pancreatistis quickly become life threatening?
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the effects of the inflammation on the pancreas endocrine funciton
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The underlying chromosomal defect in down's syndrome is a
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trisomy of chromosome 21
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The molecular defect in sickle cell anemia is
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abnormal amino acid sequence in the hemoglobin molecule
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Kleinfelter's syndrome is a result of
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failure of the sex chromosomes to seperate properly during meiosis
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Why is sickle cell anemia called an autosomal recessive genetic disorder?
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only homonzygous individuals exhibit the trait
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Genetic diseases may be caused by:
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point mutations
chromosomal inversions chromosomal translocations nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis |
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True/ False
Genetic mutations may have beneficial effects |
True
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symptoms of downs syndrome?
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slanted eyes
folds in eyelids simian creases in palms congenital heart disease |
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turner's syndrome is a result of
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failure of the sex chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
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The right ventricle of the heart pumps blood to the
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lungs
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Where does the pulmonary blood direct blood flow?
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right ventricle to the lungs
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arteries are
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muscular and contain no valves
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What are elements in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
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endothelial cell injury
monocytes adhesion foam cells inflammation |
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Facts of myocardial infarction
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results from prolonged ischemia
results in scarring is most often due to a clot formed on arterial plaque |
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What is the most common cause of death in the US
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myocardial infarction
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Angina pectoris may result from
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partial blockage of a coronary artery
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The leading cause of death among underdeveloped countries is
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infections
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epidemiology refers to
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how a disease affects human populations
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What is a pathogenic or virulent microorganism is
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one that is capable of causing disease in a healthy human being
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The types of cellular injury that alter homeostasis and cause disease are
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toxic injury
physical injury nutritional or deficient injury aging |
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True/False
Most bacteria that infect humans and animals cause disease |
false
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All of the following are components of bacteria
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cell wall
plasma membrane chromosome ribosomes |
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How can bacteria cause disease?
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release of endotoxins and exotoxins
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What is the an example of:
As it grows, Clostridium botulinum produces a toxin that causes disease in humans by binding to specific receptor molecules on the neuromuscualr junciton and preventing release of acetylcholine |
a bacterial exotoxin
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What are bacterial spores, like those produced by anthrax:
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encapsulated forms of bacteria that contain almost no water and can live outside the host for very long periods of time
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Cutaneous anthrax is transmitted by
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contact with sores on an infected animal
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Plague is caused by
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a bacterium
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Why are viral diseases especially difficult to treat
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viruses grow inside of host cells and use host cells organelles for DNA replication and protein synthesis
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How can viruses cause disease?
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rupturing host cell membranes
altering host cells functions depleting host cell nutrients |
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What does clinical manifestations of viral diseases result from
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the nature of the virus
the cells infected by the virus the immune status of the host the host inflammatory response |
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How can viruses be transmitted
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inhalation
injection sexual intercourse insects |
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Prions are unique infectious agents because
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They have no RNA or DNA
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How do prions cause disease
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conversion of host cell molecules into pathogenic forms of the same molecule
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Funguses cause disease by
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enzymatic digestion of host cells
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Ergot alkaloids are examples of mycotoxins, toxins produced by fungi. These toxins cause disease when
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contaminated foods are consumed
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Helminths are
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multicellular worms
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What are facts about malaria
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transmitted by misquito bites
caused by a protozoan parasite the parasite infects 1/3 or more of the world's population people in equatorial regions of the world are most affected by malaria |
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Which characteristic of the inflammatory response distinguishes it from the immune response?
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the inflammatory response is non-specific
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Inflammatory processes are initiated by which mast cell product?
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histamine
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What are functions of the inflammatory response
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vasodilation
changes in vascular permeability emigration of cells from the blood into the extra-vascular space emigration of preteins form the blood into the extra-vasucalr space |
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What is the primary immune functions of neutrophils is to aid what?
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the destruction of infecting bacteria
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The organs of the immune system includes
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thymus
spleen lymph nodes bone marrow |
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Antibodies aid in defense against infections by
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neutralization of bacterial toxins
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Human immunodeficiency virus causes an acquired immune deficiency that manifests clinically as
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decreased numbers of t-helper cells
increased susceptibility to viral infecitons opportunistice fungal infections increased incidence of some tumors |
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The absense of a thymus would result in what sort of immuneodeficiency?
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inability to produce antibodies or cytotoxic T cells reactive with most common pathogens B bacteria, viruses, parasites and funguses
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Why is HIV often transmitted by sexual contact between males?
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This form of sexual intercourse is most likely to result in direct transfer of infected lymphocytes into the blood
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Facts about Type 1 hypersensitivity
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commonly known as allergies
caused by IgE antibodies attached to mast cells an inappropriate response to a harmless molecule a potential cause of systemic anaphylaxis |
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When do autoimmune diseases occur?
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when the immune system attacks and destroys normal components of self
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