Human Development, Diversity And Behavior In The Enviornment

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Purpose of Social Work

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To promote or restore a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals and society in order to improve the quality of life for everyone.

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Social Workers focus on ___.

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the person and enviornment in interaction.

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Social Workers, in working with clients and other systems:

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1. facilitate interaction b/w individuals and others in their enviornment
2. help people improve their competence
3. increase their problem solving and coping abilities
4. influence social and enviornment policy

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Multidimensional Framework
(System of Biopsychosocial Functioning)

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used to understand what influences human development and behavior.
3 Basic Dimensions: biophysical, psychological and social.

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Biophysical Dimension:

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all the biological and physiological factors that influence human development and behavior.
Consists of biophysical growth and development from the prenata period to old age, biophysical strengths (protective factors) and biophysical hazards (risks).

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Psychological Dimension:

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psychological functions that influence a person's ability to satisfy his needs over the lifespan.
a. early emotional bonding
b. basic temperment
c. cognitive development
d. information processing
e. communication
f. personality
g. identity
h. self-concept
i. emotions and attitudes
j. social regulation
k. moral development
l. psychological strenghts (protective factors)
m. psychological hazards (risks)

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Social Dimension:

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family, social supports, and the various groups, communities, organizations, and social institutions (church, school, health-care providers, welfare services, etc.) that a person interacts with over his lifetime. Includes:
gender and multicultural considerations
social strengths (protective factors)
social hazards (risks)

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Biopsychosocial Interaction

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assumes no single factor is solely responsible for causing a person's behavioral responses. Instead, human behavior is the result of interactions between a person and his enviornment.

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Biopsychosocial Interaction can be assessed using two perspectives:

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1. Developmental perspective: how biological, psychological and social systems have interacted in leading up to how things are currently
2. Current perspective: how biological, psychological and social systems are presently interacting to influence how things are currently.

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Human Needs

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Refers to physical, psychological, economic, cultural, and social requirements for survival, fullfillment, and well-being. (all dimensions of a person's life)

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Categories of Needs

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1. Normative
2. Perceived
3. Expressed
4. Relative

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Normative Needs

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what a person requires in order to attain a level of well-being that meets the established standards of his community or culture.

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Perceived Needs

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the requirements that individuals believe they must have in order to achieve an acceptable level of well-being.

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Expressed Needs

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an indication of the degree to which a need exists and the number of people who perceive themselves to have that need as demonstrated by specific factors, such as how many people apply for a service.

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Relative Needs

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the requirements that people must have in order to attain an acceptable level of well being as compared to other people's requirements.

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Basic Needs

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items that are considered to be essential for the maintenance of person's well-being. Include:
adequate food
clean water
shelter
clothing
heating
fuel
security from bodily harm

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Basic Human Attachments

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1. physical supplies necessary to life (e.g. oxygen, food)
2. sense of personal identity
3. a mutually supportive and close relationship with at least one other person.
4. Membership in at least one group that accepts us.
5. One or more roles that promote a sense of self-respect and allow us to perform with dignity.
6. Financial security or a way of engaging in an exchange of the goods and services we need and value.
7. A system of meaning or set of values that helps us to determine our goals and understand ourselves and the world.

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Maslow's Needs Hierachy
(Abraham Maslow)

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used to rank and evaluate the needs of individuals and assess the adequacy of services.
Moves from the lowest level of basic survival needs up to the highest level of self-actualizatin needs:
1. Survival and physiological needs: food, clothing, shelter, medical care.
2. Safety and security needs: protection from harm and violence.
3. Social (belonging) needs: opportunity to interact in a positive enviornment.
4. Esteem (ego) needs: opportunity to build self-respect and achieve personal dignity.
5. Self-actualization needs: opportunity for lifelong education and self-improvement.
Lower level needs must be met before an individual can move to the next level. If a lower level need is not met, the person moves back down the hierarchy to satisfy that unmet need. Lower-level needs usualy require a more immediate response and then, have higher urgency.

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Risk and Resilience

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the balance of risks and protective factors that interact to determine a person's tendency toward resilience.

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Risks

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hazards in the person or enviornment that increase the likelihood of a problem occurring. Ex: genetic predisposition for a mental disorder, insecure attachment pattern, living in poverty.

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Protective Factors

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Personal, social, and institutional factors that promote personal competence and successful development and therefore decrease the likelihood of a problem occurring. Ex: adequate prenatal care, active coping mechanisms, and low family stress.

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Resilience

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a person's ability to function adaptively despite exposure to risks.

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Family Risk Factors
(Rutter, 1985)

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the greater the number of risk factors a baby is exposed to, the greater the risk for negative outcomes.

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Rutter's Indicators

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accurate predictors of child psychopathology:
severe marital discord
low socioeconomic status (SES)
overcrowding or large family size
parental criminality
maternal psychopathology
placement of the child outside the home

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Studies on Risk and Resilience
(Werner & Smith)

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positive outcomes for high risk babies are more likely when:
1. experience fewer stressors following birth
2. have an easy temperment characterized by a high degree of social responsivity, good communication skills, and consistent eating and sleeping patterns,
3. provided with stable support from a parent or other caregiver.

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Adolescent Stress Resistance

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positive and nurturant relationships with othes including his parents, easy-going temperment and a positive outlook on the future, an internal locus of control and good self-regulation, an active coping style, good social skills and social support, good cognitive skills (problem-solving abilities) and intellectual abilities, and outside activies and hobbies.

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Person-in-Enviornment Theory
(PIE)

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fundamental to social work
assumes that human problems have their roots in both individual client factors and situational factors and that understanding and treating human problems requires a dual focus on the individual and enviornmental forces.

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PIE
(Person-in-Enviornment)

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groups problems into four factors:
1. Problems in social role functioning
2. Problems in the enviornment
3. Mental Health problems
4. Physical Health Problems

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Heredity
(genetic endowment)

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affects development
influence by multiple genes
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Genotype

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a person's genetic inheritance

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Phenotype

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a person's observed characteristics, which are attributable to a combination of heredity and enviornment.

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Human Plasticity
(capacity for change)

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Variations in the enviornment can affect a person's cognitive functioning, social functioning, personality, physical health and mental health indepedent of genetics. (ex: a person genetically predisposed to schizophrenia who never develops it.)

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Stress-Diathesis Theory

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proposes that schizophrenia and some other mental disorders are the result of genetic predisposition combined with stressful situations in the enviornment.

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Nature vs. Nurture

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Debate over the degree to which heredity (nature) and enviornmental factors (nurture) are responsible for diversity in the development of human characteristics and behavior.

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Maturationists

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development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time

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Learning Theorists

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maintain that human development and behavior are primarily the result of enviornmental factors.

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Interactional Theories

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human development is due to a combination of genetic and enviornmental factors

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Cultural Context Theory
(Bronfenbrenner, Erikson)

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both nature and nurture influence development but are moderated by culture, i.e., the way an event is experienced and interpreted.

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Critical Period

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a specific, predetermined period of time during biological maturation when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain stimuli that can have either a positive or negative impact on development.

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Sensitive Period

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longer and more flexible than critical periods, not tied as closely to chronological age or maturational stage.

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Ethologists

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first described critical period
an organism must be exposed to a particular enviornmental stimuli during specific periods in order for a behavior to develop.

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General Systems Theory
(Ludwig von Bertalanffy)

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change occurs as a result of the interaction of parts of an organism.
looked at a system as a whole with its relationships and interactions with other systems as a mechanism of growth and change.

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System

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a collection of interconnected and interrelated parts that form a distinct, organized, and functioning whole.

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Suprasystem

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each system is part of a suprasystem. Ex: a family is part of a community.

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Subsystems

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a system is comprised of many parts, called subsystems. Ex: family includes the spouseal subsystem, the parent-child subsystem, and the sibling subsystem.
each part is affected by all the other parts.
a change in one part will have an effect on all other parts.

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Boundary

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in every system, a structural limitation that separates it from other systems, gives the system definition, and makes the system unique.

Defines who belongs to the system and who doesn't.

Membership can differ from situation to situation.

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Permeable Boundaries

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allow energy or information to pass through.

a system grows by exchanging energy with its enviornment, and this exchange is posible only when the system's boundary is permeable.

the more permeable the boundary, the more interaction the system has with its enviornment.

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Closed Systems

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has a nonpermeable (thick) boundary.

It is isolated from its enviornment and highly resistant to influence by outside forces.

A closed (noninteracting) system is usually considered to be dysfunctional.

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Open Systems

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has a permeable (thin) boundary that allows an ongoing exchange of energy (information) with its enviornment.

Continuously receives energy from and discharges energy to its enviornment.

A relatively open (interacting) system is usually considered to be functional.

More adaptable and open to change.

An overly permeable boundary is easily influenced by forces outside the system, can become unstable and be easily destroyed.

Constantly changing as a result of its ongoing interactions with its enviornment.

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Negentropy

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forces that maintain a system's organization and promote its development.