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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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concrete operational thought
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Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
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classification
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The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or catagories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common.
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idenity
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The logical principle that certain characteristics of an object remain the same if other characteristics change.
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reversibility
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The logical principle that a thing that has been changed can sometimes be returned to its original state by reversing the process by which it was changed.
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information-processing theory
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A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.
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sensory memory
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The componet of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed (Also called the sensory register.)
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working memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. (Also called short-term memory.)
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long-term memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
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knowledge base
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A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
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control processes
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Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotion regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system. (Also called executive processes.)
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metacognition
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"Thinking about thinking." or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
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English-language learner (ELL)
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A child who is learning English as a second language.
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language shift
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A change from one language to another, which occurs not only in speaking and writing but also in the brain. A language shift is evident in many children who no longer speak or understand their mother tongue because a new language has come to dominate the linguistic areas of their brains.
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immersion
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A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (majority language that a child is learning.
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bilingual education
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A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
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ESL (English as a second language)
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An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers.
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Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
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Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
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TIMSS (Trends in Math and Science Study)
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An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable, because sample selection, test admenistration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
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No Child Left Behind Act
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A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
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National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
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An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card."
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hidden curriculum
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An unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorites that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school.
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phonics approach
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Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations.
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whole-language approach
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Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking and listening, reading and writing.
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