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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conception |
a single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell. |
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Germinal Stage |
first two weeks, zygote.
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Embryonic Stage |
second to eighth week, embryo. |
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Fetal Stage |
eighth week to birth, fetus. |
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Teratogens |
potential harmful influences (e.g., rubella, deafness; x-rays, cognitive abnormality; STD, mental illness; cigarette, miscarriage, premature, underweight; alcohol consumption, birth defects, FAS; drugs, impaired cognitive and language ability. |
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Primitive Reflexes |
reflexes that aid in survival. |
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Rooting Reflex |
turns head towards gentle touch. |
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Sucking Reflex |
instinctively sucks on anything that touches the roof of their mouth. |
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Moro Reflex |
startle reaction or embrace reflex. |
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Infantile Amnesia |
the earliest age of conscious memory is around three and a half years old. |
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Sensorimotor Stage |
0 - 2 yrs; infants learn about the world through senses and actions; taste and touch; object permanence; stranger anxiety. |
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Object Permanence |
the knowledge that an object does not disappear into thin air when it's hidden (peek-a-boo). |
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Stranger Anxiety |
infants start to distinguish between family and strangers. |
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Preoperational Stage |
2 - 6~7 yrs; memory and language develop in leaps and bounces, rely primarily on intuition rather than logic; pretend play; egocentric; lacks ability of conservation. |
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Egocentric |
cannot take the perspective of another person. |
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Conservation |
the knowledge that properties (mass, volume, number) remain the same despite changes in form or shape. |
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Concrete Operational |
7 - 11 yrs; understand logic and reason; identity; acquire ability of conservation, comparison, and categorization; mathematical transformation. |
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Formal Operational |
12 yrs & up; reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking; use of symbols and imagined realities to reason. |
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Harlow (1971) |
monkey experiment; infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact, not nourishment. |
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Secure Attachment |
explore environment happily in the presence of their mothers, but when left alone, distress. |
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Insecure Attachment |
cling to mothers / caregivers and are less likely to explore environment. |
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Deprivation of Attachment |
children become withdrawn, frightened, and / or difficulty to develop speech. |
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Prolonged Deprivation |
at risk for physical, psychological, and social problems, including alterations in brain serotonin levels. (e.g., the Romanian orphans) |
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Authoritarian |
impose rules and expect obedience (e.g., mom and dad). |
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Permissive |
submit to children's desires, few demands and little punishment. |
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Authoritative |
both demanding and responsive; set enforced rules but explain reasoning; open discussions. |
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Adolescence |
life between childhood and adulthood. |
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Puberty |
sexual maturation; females (11 yrs), males (13 years); female height increases before. |
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Primary Sexual Characteristics |
reproductive organs and external genitalia, develop rapidly. |
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics |
non-reproductive traits (e.g., boobs and hips [f], facial hair and deepened voice [m], pubic and pit hair [both]). |
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Longitudinal Studies |
suggest that intelligence remains relatively stable as we age. fluid intelligence declines with age but not crystallized intelligence. |
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Fluid Intelligence |
ability to reason speedily. |
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Crystallized Intelligence |
accumulated knowledge and skills. |
