Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Conception |
a single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell. |
|
Germinal Stage |
first two weeks, zygote.
|
|
Embryonic Stage |
second to eighth week, embryo. |
|
Fetal Stage |
eighth week to birth, fetus. |
|
Teratogens |
potential harmful influences (e.g., rubella, deafness; x-rays, cognitive abnormality; STD, mental illness; cigarette, miscarriage, premature, underweight; alcohol consumption, birth defects, FAS; drugs, impaired cognitive and language ability. |
|
Primitive Reflexes |
reflexes that aid in survival. |
|
Rooting Reflex |
turns head towards gentle touch. |
|
Sucking Reflex |
instinctively sucks on anything that touches the roof of their mouth. |
|
Moro Reflex |
startle reaction or embrace reflex. |
|
Infantile Amnesia |
the earliest age of conscious memory is around three and a half years old. |
|
Sensorimotor Stage |
0 - 2 yrs; infants learn about the world through senses and actions; taste and touch; object permanence; stranger anxiety. |
|
Object Permanence |
the knowledge that an object does not disappear into thin air when it's hidden (peek-a-boo). |
|
Stranger Anxiety |
infants start to distinguish between family and strangers. |
|
Preoperational Stage |
2 - 6~7 yrs; memory and language develop in leaps and bounces, rely primarily on intuition rather than logic; pretend play; egocentric; lacks ability of conservation. |
|
Egocentric |
cannot take the perspective of another person. |
|
Conservation |
the knowledge that properties (mass, volume, number) remain the same despite changes in form or shape. |
|
Concrete Operational |
7 - 11 yrs; understand logic and reason; identity; acquire ability of conservation, comparison, and categorization; mathematical transformation. |
|
Formal Operational |
12 yrs & up; reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking; use of symbols and imagined realities to reason. |
|
Harlow (1971) |
monkey experiment; infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact, not nourishment. |
|
Secure Attachment |
explore environment happily in the presence of their mothers, but when left alone, distress. |
|
Insecure Attachment |
cling to mothers / caregivers and are less likely to explore environment. |
|
Deprivation of Attachment |
children become withdrawn, frightened, and / or difficulty to develop speech. |
|
Prolonged Deprivation |
at risk for physical, psychological, and social problems, including alterations in brain serotonin levels. (e.g., the Romanian orphans) |
|
Authoritarian |
impose rules and expect obedience (e.g., mom and dad). |
|
Permissive |
submit to children's desires, few demands and little punishment. |
|
Authoritative |
both demanding and responsive; set enforced rules but explain reasoning; open discussions. |
|
Adolescence |
life between childhood and adulthood. |
|
Puberty |
sexual maturation; females (11 yrs), males (13 years); female height increases before. |
|
Primary Sexual Characteristics |
reproductive organs and external genitalia, develop rapidly. |
|
Secondary Sexual Characteristics |
non-reproductive traits (e.g., boobs and hips [f], facial hair and deepened voice [m], pubic and pit hair [both]). |
|
Longitudinal Studies |
suggest that intelligence remains relatively stable as we age. fluid intelligence declines with age but not crystallized intelligence. |
|
Fluid Intelligence |
ability to reason speedily. |
|
Crystallized Intelligence |
accumulated knowledge and skills. |