Human Development

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Alphabetic System

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The Structure of some languages, including English, Whereby single shapes written language made up letters, which in turn are linked to specific sounds

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bilinugal

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the ability to speak two languages

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bilingual education

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a perspective or approach to teaching children that uses at least two languages during instruction, usually a child's natural language and second language the child is acquiring

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structured immersion

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a method for serving english- learning students in which children receive up to a year of intensive training in English before they are place in an english-speaking classroom

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communicative competence

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learning to use language in an appropriate manner; knowing what words and structures to use on what occasion. this is the major are of linguistic growth during childhood; through adolescence and continue into adulthood

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comprehension

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an active process in which readers strive to construct a meaningful interpretation of written or oral information

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context knowledge

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a decoding strategy using the surrounding text and one's background knowledge to identify an unknown word

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decoding

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the process that readers use to determine the oral equivalent of written words

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dialect

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a variation of single language spoken by members of a speech community

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Emergent literacy

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the concept that literacy learning is ongoing from birth

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Functionally literate

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able to read and write well enough to negotiate daily life

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grammar

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language rules that extend from the simplest level of combining sounds to the complex level of extended conversations including phonology, semantics syntax, pragmatics and the lexicon

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holophrase

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refers to single words intended to convey more complex meaning; typically utilized by children aged 18 to 24 months

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ideographic system

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the structure of some languages, including Chinese, where by each character in the written language represents the meaning of an individual word.

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invented spelling

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unconventional ways children spell words in their early attempts at writing

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language

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a symbolic system in which a series of sounds make words to represent an idea and object, or a person and eventually become the medium through which we think.

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

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Chomsky's idea that children are born with a mechanism in their brains that enables them to recognize the universal rules that underlie all languages and the structure and grammar of their native language

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literacy

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constructed meaning; meaning created through the interaction of reader or writer and written text

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metalinguistic awareness

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the ability to think and talk about the relationship between print and sound in a language; for instance, a child's ability to identify the first sound as making the difference between the words rat and bat

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phonemic awareness

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the ability to connect distinctive sounds, or phonemes in words to letters.

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phonic knowledge

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a decoding strategy, the rules for combining sounds to make words and the stress and intonation patterns of a language.

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reading readiness approach

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an outdated conception of literacy development that emphasized a set of skills children needed to master before beginning formal reading instruction

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sight word knowledge

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a decoding strategy; the developing recognition and understanding through exposure of the meaning of words.

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simultaneous bilinguals

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learning several languages at the same time

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Standard American English (SAE)

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the language of instruction school

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Successive Bilingualism

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a person who learns the dominate language (english) but retains his or her native language (spanish) the stages of language development will be different from bilingual or multilingual learners

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Syntax

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the structure of language; the way words are combined to form phrases and sentences

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Telegraphic Speech

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early speech that is characterized by typically short, simple sentences composed primarily of content words "Kendall swim pool"

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Whole Language

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A language philosophy characterized by a set of beliefs, including the beliefs that the purpose of language is to create and share meaning: that is language is language, regardless of whether it is spoken or written, and that language is best learned by using it in a social context for authentic purpose.

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Writing across the curriculum

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a program approach in which writing is incorporate into all subject areas, from music to mathematics

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All languages have major components

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1. Phonology- sounds of the language

2. Semantics- meaning of the words

3. Syntax- how words are combined

4. Pragmatics- how the language is used appropriately in different contexts

5. lexicon- vocabulary

6. Metalinguistic- knowing the properties and functions of language

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How teachers can promote literacy

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1. Provide a print-rich learning environment where reading is encourage

2. provide many speaking activities including socio-dramatic play

3. Teach listening skills

4. build phonemic awareness

5. teach the letter;sound connection

6. provide many opportunities to write

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Which theory of language development suggest that children learn appropriate sounds and words in reaction to their parent's reinforcement?

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behaviorist

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Regardless of culture, children begin to learn language around the asme time all over the world. at about what age is this?

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between 8 and 28 months

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which theorist hypothesized that children are born with a language acquisition device?

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chomsky

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According to which theorist is symbolic thought a precondition for language acquisition?

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Piaget

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Piaget has been criticized for underestimating what factor in language development?

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Social interaction

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According to which theorist do though and language originate independently but later merge?

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Vygotsky

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According to which theory of language development is language constructed within a particular sociocultural CONTEXT, depending on cognitive and environmental factors?

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Contextual

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Children's first words most commonly refer to what?

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Concrete objects

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Brenda's mother speaks French and German. Her father speaks English and French. Brenda speaks all but three. However, she often mixes the language together as she speaks. What phenomenon is Brenda exhibiting?

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Mixed speech

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the recognition that children who pretend they are reading or writing understand a great deal about literacy is characteristic of what approach to literacy

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Emergent literacy

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Aggression

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Behavior that is intentionally aimed at harming or injuring another person

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Bullying behavior

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most common form of aggression often taking the form of embarrassing people. Hitting, destroying, property, and ridiculing.

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Character education

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a direct approach to teaching core values and virtues, such as responsibility respect, honest, cooperation and compassion.

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cliques

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a small peer group, generally same sex and same race, that has a clear social structure with one or two member serving as leaders.

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conflict resolution programs

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school-based intervention program designed to help students acquire skills they need to resolve conflict; components include defining the problem, brainstorming about the possible solutions and choosing solutions that benefit both sides ( win-win)

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Ethic of Care

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Gilligan's argument that women are socialized to take responsibility for the well being of others and therefore emphasis connections between people as well as justice

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False Belief

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Social situations that present difficulties for young children because they are not able to understand that another person will act on beliefs that differ from their own are false from their point of view

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Homophobia

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an irrational fear and hatred of homosexuals

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homosexuals orientation

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consistent sexual attraction toward a person of the same gender that includes fantasies, conscious attraction, romantic feelings or sexual behaviors

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Hostile Agression

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in 3 and 4 year old children, behavior that is intended to hurt or harm another person

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Hostile Attribution Bias

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Tendency of some aggressive children to interpret social situations as personally threatening or hostile

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Inductive method of discipline

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discipline technique in which parent offer explanation for their rules and ask children to reflect on their behavior; helps children develop self-control and self discipline

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Instrumental aggression

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in young children behavior that is intended to obtain an object, to protect a play space, or to get one's way; behavior that is not intended to hurt or harm another person

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neglected peers

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children who are seldom chosen as work or play partners by their peers

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Peer

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a persona equal in age, rank or maturity to another person

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peer popularity

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a popular peer is one whose presence or opinion is sought after by others of the same age; the key determinants are the abilities to initiate and to maintain positive interactions with others

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peer rejection

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ignoring or avoiding those who are strongly disliked by their peers; those rejection are often inattentive, aversive, threatening, hostile and disruptive

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perspective- talking skills

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one of the important aspects of the development of social cognition that involves being able to imagine what others may be thinking and feeling.

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Post conventional moral reasoning

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according to kholberg the 1st level of moral judgement, characterized by individuals who approach moral issues from a hedonistic or pleasure oriented perspective

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prejudices

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unfounded negative feelings toward a person because of his or her membership in a group

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prosocial behaviors

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actions stemming from an appreciation that others needs are as important or more important than one's own; supportive actions, such as sharing, helping and care giving.

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service learning

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a form of character education that involves meaningful community service to teach civic responsibilty and to foster positive youth development designing neighborhood playgrounds