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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
If infant is malnourished what happens in brain
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Will have lower development in skills associated ex. language, reading
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Pruning
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Decrease in dendrites, they die off
purpose- to isolate pathways for more efficient functioning |
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Experience Expectant
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Experience Expectant- Infant's brain expects to develop. Ex. Infants expect nurturing language
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Experience Dependent
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Individualized experience that brain doesn't expect
-variable experiences from culture to culture, fam to fam -guitar.. |
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Senses, Early infancy
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sensation is primary and perception comes later, all senses function at birth
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Vision
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3 wks- vision is 2600, can see 6-12 in
6 mnths- 20/20, binocular vision |
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Hearing
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in-vitro, very good at birth, within 2 weeks turn head to familiar sounds
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Tasting
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rapid, immediately adapting
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Reflexes
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Breathing, eye blink, rooting, sucking, swallowing, stepping, Babinski, grasping, moro
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Rooting Reflex
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turn head to whatever touches cheek
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Babinski
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fanning of feet when stroked
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Stepping
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held upright, with feet touching flat surface, they move legs
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Swimming
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when they lay on their stomachs, stretch out arms and legs
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palmar grasping
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grasp what touches palm
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moro
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when something startles them, perhaps banging, infants fling their arms outward and bring them back together on chest
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Gross motor skills
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physical movement of arms, torso, legs
crawl- 6-8 months walk 8-14 months jumping 1.5 years (18 mnths) |
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fine motor skills
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small body movements- drawing, picking small objects up
4 months |
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Cognitive- Piaget's Stage Theory/Info. processing theory
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Primary circular reactions- infants responding to own body
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Piaget Stage 1
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0-1 Month- Reflexes suck, grasp, staring, listening
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Piaget Stage 2
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1-4 months- assimilation and accomadation
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Assimiliation
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using/engaging in environment in way that they use things in environment that they already know.. hand to mouth with everything
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Accomadation
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breast to bottle..
learn to accomadate by changing way they interact with environment response to purpose of object |
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2ndary circular reaction
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Stages 3 and 4, involving baby reacting with other people/objects
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Piaget 4-8 months
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awareness of things, respond to people/objects, emotional reaction, approach objects/people, babbling
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Piaget 8-12 months
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adapt more, anticipate things, predict, increase actions
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Tertiary Circular Reactions, 12-18 months
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1 year old take 1st independent and varied actions, exploration, experimentation, testing parents, building stuff, getting in trouble, autonomous/autonomy
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psychosocial 18-24 months
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mental combinations, starting to understand, consequences to actions, don't rely as much on trial and error (hide stuff), questions, putting sentences together
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Habituation vs. Piaget
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memory in infants is solid in habituation, getting used to objects use, scientists see memory as long as 6 wks old, Piaget only had 3 study cases
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Info processing theory vs. Piaget
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based on how we store, categorize, and expel info, believe intellectual capacity, concepts and categories develop by 6 months, identify concepts
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Affordance
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stimuli in environment that allow for response. using pencil-afforded experience, door handle, infants develop cognitively through affordance of experiences, also dev. individual differences
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Infant Remembers best under 3 circumstances
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1. environmental conditions are real life experiences
2. motivation is high 3. Caregivers provide memory aides, corrections, positive/negative instance |
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Language development universal
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prior to 6 months, infants can mimic all sounds
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Communication Neonates
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through reflexes
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talk 2-6 months
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both cooing, crying, moving into squeaks and growls
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talk 6 months
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cooing more frequent, more noises
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talk 6-10 months
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babbling, 1 syllable repeated over/over, vowel w/ simple consonant "ba"
Chomsky- even deaf children babble in sign language |
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talk 10-12 months
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greater comprehension of more complex words, more receptive language
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talk 10-14 months
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1 word utterances
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talk 13-18 months
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increase in word development, 50 words to 100 words per month
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talk 21 months
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2 words utterances
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Talking 24 months
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telegraphic speech, basic sentences 3 or 4 words. Genetic component: correct grammar based on hearing patterns, but Chomsky says we are genetically programmed to have correct grammar
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Skinner behavioral theory (behaviorist)
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language is reinforced so there is increased language behavior
-frequent repetition increase language dev. -well taught infants, well spoken children |
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Naom Chomsky-Heritability theory
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infants teach themselves, language is innate and they don't need to be taught
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Difference between language and communication
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language has deep structure: idioms not as literal as communicating something
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Chomsky heridity language acquisition device
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in brain to learn grammar and vocab
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Social Impulse Theory
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social pragmatic theory- believe we acquire lang because we are social beings, because interact w/ other language users
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Baby emotions
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distress, comfort/contentment
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emotions 6 weeks
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anger (distress becomes anger), frowning eyebrows universal across cultures, distress, comfort
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emotions 8-9 months
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fear, anger, distress, comfort
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emotion 9-14 months
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stranger wariness, anxiety, universal, separation anxiety, fear of abandonment, reactive attachment disorder (RAD).
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RAD
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doughnut theory, if you let the child come to you, if diagnosed before 3, could cure it
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emotion 14 + months
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pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt, self awareness 18 months (15-24 months) rouge test. start saying I and me. before this, they feel apart of you
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Theories of emotions/psychosocial development: Freud's Stages of Psychosocial Development- Oral
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at this stage, primary experience is oral gratification.
-problems- starvation, weaned too early, if baby is spoiled orally, they will have oral fixation |
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Freud's Anal stage
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gratification through excrement. If it goes bad, experience all life anal retentive, OCD, rigid, organized, irritable, agressive
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Erikson- psychosocial stages- Trust vs. Mistrust
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respond to bodily needs, "when i am in need, my needs will be met"
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Erikson- autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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feel competent, trust independent
-feel unsuccessful |
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Behaviorism (psychosocial)
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+/- consequences of behavior is result of actions, social interactions and observations of others (social learning)
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Behaviorism, Temperament Drome Cagen
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-longitudinal study, temperament-innate characteristic over time.
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Affordances- Gibson's information processing theory
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perception is not automatic, affordance- opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place or object in the environment.
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