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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system? |
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids and initiation of immune responses. |
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Describe the structural organisation of lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. |
Lymphatic capillaries are closed ended capillaries with overlapping endothelial cells. Anchoring filaments attach lymph capillaries to surrounding tissues. Lymphatic vessels resemble veins but have thinner walls and more valves. Lymph nodes are encapsulated in bean-shaped organs with a superficial cortex and deeper medulla. |
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How do lymphatic capillaries allow interstitial fluid to flow into them but not out? |
Overlapping endothelial cells allow one way flow of lymph into capillary. |
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What is oedema? What effect does it have on lymphatic capillary flow? |
Swelling caused by excess fluid in interstitial space. Oedema opens overlapping endothelial cells to allow more lymph drainage. |
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What is a lymphatic trunk? |
Larger lymph vessel formed when lymph vessels unite, usually after exiting a chain of lymph nodes. |
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What is the cisterna chyli and where is it located? |
It is a dilated area anterior to the 2nd lumbar vertebra which begins the thoracic duct. It receives lymph from the right and left lumbar and the intestinal trunk. |
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Which regions of the body are drained by the thoracic duct? By the right lymph duct? |
The thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) drains lymph from the left side of the head, neck and chest, the left upper limb and the entire body inferior to the ribs. The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the upper right side of the body. |
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Where does each of these ducts drain lymph into venous blood (thoracic and right lymphatic duct)? |
The thoracic duct in turn drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins. |
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Summarise the sequence of fluid flow from blood capillaries through the lymphatic system and back to the blood. |
Blood capillaries (blood) to interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) to lymphatic capillaries (lymph) to lymphat vessels (lymph) to lymph nodes (lymph) to lymph trunks to lymph ducts (lymph) to junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins (blood). |
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Differentiate between primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. |
The primary lymphatic organs and tissues are the sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells capable of mounting an immune response. The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are the sites where most immune responses occur. |
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List the primary lymphatic organs and tissues. |
The primary lymphatic organs and tissues are the thymus and the red bone marrow. |
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List the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues |
The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are lymph nodes, the spleen and lymphatic nodules. |
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What is the role of the thymus in immunity? |
The thymus is the site of T cell maturation and it populates secondary lymphatic organs and tissues with T cells. |
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What happens to the size of the thymus as you age? |
It atrophies. It decreases from about 70g in infants to 3g in adults. |
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Describe the location and structure of lymph nodes. |
They are encapsulated bean shaped organs located along lymph vessels that usually occur in groups. They have capsular extensions called trabeculae which divide the node into compartments. There is a subscapular sinus between the capsule and the superficial cortex. The cortex is comprised of lymph nodules. It is a deeper medullary region with medullary sinuses. |
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Through what structures does lymph flow as it travels through a lymph node? |
Lymph flows through afferent lymphatic vessels to a subscapular sinus to a trabecular sinus to a medullary sinus and exits the efferent lymphatic vessel. |
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What is the function of lymph nodes? |
They act as a filter to trap foreign substances so macrophages can phagocytose and lymphocytes can mount an immune response. |
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What are the functions of the white pulp and red pulp of the spleen? |
Within the white pulp, B cells and T cells carry out immune responses while spleen macrophages destroy blood-borne pathogens by phagocytosis. The red pulp (blood cell functions) remove defective blood cells and platelets by macrophages, store platelets, produce blood cells in foetal life. |
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What is the function of lymphatic nodules and where are they located? |
Masses of unencapsulated lymph tissue that participate in immune responses against inhaled or ingested allergens. They are located in the connective tissue of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract and airways. |
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Define innate immunity. |
Innate immunity is an early response to prevent or eliminate microbial access that is non specific ie physical and chemical barriers. |
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Name and briefly describe the physical and chemical 'first line' defence mechanisms that provide protection from disease at the skin and mucous membranes. |
Physical defences are closely packed keratinized epithelial skin cells, the mucous membrane mucous traps microbes, foreign substances and cilia move mucous so it is coughed and swallowed. Urine cleanses the urethra and diarrhoea expels microbes. Chemical barriers are sebum which forms a protective layer, skin acidity, tears contain lysozome and gastric juice which is acidic. |
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List and briefly describe the 4 'second line' or internal defence mechanisms. |
Antimicrobial proteins in body fluids eg interferons prevent viral replication and complement system. Natural killer cells in blood (5-10% of lymphocytes) and phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). Inflammation causes vasodilation, emigration of phagocytes from blood to interstitial fluid, chemotaxis ie attraction of neutrophils to the area which allows phagocytosis. Fever elevates body temperature which intensifies the effect of interferons, inhibits growth of some microbes and speed up tissue repair. |
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Define adaptive immunity. |
The ability to carry out adaptive immune responses, specific, with mature B and T cells. |
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What is immunocompetence and which body cells display it? |
Immunocompetence is when a cell is able to carry out adaptive immune responses when properly stimulated eg mature B cells and T cells. |
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Where do T and B cells develop? |
Stem cells are in red bone marrow. T cells develop/mature in the thymus and B cells develop in red bone marrow. |
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Differentiate between the 2 types of adaptive immunity. |
Cell-mediated immunity is where cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens. Antibody-mediated immunity is when B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete specific antibodies that inactivate specific antigens. |
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What is clonal selection and what 2 types of cells are formed by clonal selection? |
Clonal selection is the process by which a lymphocyte divides and differentiates (forms more highly specialised cells) in response to contact with a specific antigen. The two types of cells formed by clonal selection are effector cells and memory cells. |
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How is the term antigen derived? |
The term antigen derives from its function as an antibody generator. |
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How does the body distinguish cells that are 'self' from 'non-self'? |
By the antigens present on the surface of cells. |
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What are Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens and where are they located? |
MHC antigens are self-antigens and are located in the plasma membrane of body cells. They are unique to you. |
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How do antigens induce an immune response? |
B cells recognise and bind to antigens in interstitial fluid, lymph or blood. T cells recognize antigen fragments that have been processed and presented in certain way. |
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Describe antigen processing and presentation. |
In antigen processing antigenic proteins are broken down into fragments that then associate with MHC molecules. Next, the antigen-MHC complex is inserted into the plasma membrane. |
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Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous antigens. |
Exogenous antigens are foreign antigens that are present in fluids outside body cells. Foreign antigens that are present inside body cells are called endogenous antigens. |
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Describe the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and list three types of cells that act as APCs. |
Antigen-presenting cells process and present exogenous antigens such as bacteria, parasitic worms and inhaled pollens. APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. |
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Describe the two signals necessary for activation of T cells in response to foreign antigen presentation. |
Binding of a T cell with CD4 or CD8 proteins to an antigen-MHC complex. The second signal is costimulation by a cytokine such as interleukin-2 (IL-2). |
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How do the CD4 and CD8 proteins assist T cell activation? |
CD4 and CD8 proteins help anchor the T cell and antigen-MHC complex so that antigen recognition can occur. |
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Differentiate between the roles of active T cells and memory T cells. |
Active helper T cells secrete cytokines. Active cytotoxic T cells attack other body cells that have been infected with antigen. Memory T cells recognise the original invading antigen and initiate a very swift reaction against it. |
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Differentiate between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. |
Helper T cells secrete cytokines and cytotoxic T cells destroy intruders. |
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Describe the 2 mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells kill infected target cells. |
They bind to infected body cells and release granzymes which are protein digesting enzymes that trigger apoptosis. They also release 2 proteins ie perforin which inserts channels in the membrane and granulysin which enters through channels and destroys microbes. |
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Outline the steps by which B cells are activated to produce antibodies. |
An antigen binds to B cell receptors and is taken into the cell which breaks it down, combines fragments with MHC protein which is moved to the plasma membrane. Helper T cells recognize the antigen-MHC complex and deliver the costimulation (interleukin-2) necessary for B cell division and differentiation. The B cell differentiates to plasma cells that secrete antibodies. |
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What is the role of plasma cells produced during B cell activation? |
Plasma cells are the effector cells of a B cell clone. They secrete specific antibodies. |
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Which type of T cell participates in both cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immune responses? |
Helper T cells and costimulator |
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Antibodies are also known as _______________. |
Immunoglobulins |
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List the 5 classes of antibodies. |
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE. |
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How do antibodies disable antigens? |
Antibodies disable antigens by neutralizing the antigen, immobilizing bacteria, agglutinating and precipitating the antigen, activating complement and enhancing phagocytosis of the antigen. |
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Where are complement proteins produced? |
In the liver. |
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Which complement protein begins the process of complement activation? |
C3 |
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How does the complement system destroy microbes? |
Phagocytosis, cytolysis and inflammation |
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What is the antibody titre? |
The amount of antibody in blood serum |
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What role do memory cells play in immunological memory? |
They can proliferate and differentiate into helper T cells, plasma cells or cytotoxic T cells very quickly thus providing a quicker response to a second exposure to an antigen. |
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How is the secondary response to an antigen different from the primary response? |
Antibodies have a higher affinity for the antigen and so are more successful in eliminating it. |
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Which type of antibody responds most strongly during the secondary response? |
IgG |
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A T CELL BECOMES ACTIVATED ONLY IF IT BINDS TO THE FOREIGN ANTIGEN AND AT THE SAME TIME RECEIVES A SECOND SIGNAL A PROCESS KNOWN AS A. COSTIMULATION B. ANTIGEN PROLIFERATION C. T CELL PROLIFERATION D. SELF ANTIGEN RECOGNITION E. CLONAL SELECTION |
A. COSTIMULATION |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL? A. MACROPHAGES B. DENDRITIC CELLS C. B CELLS D. CYTOTOXIC T CELLS |
D. CYTOTOXIC T CELLS |
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THE PRIMARY RESPONSE WILL PEAK HOW MANY DAYS AFTER AN EXPOSURE? A. 1 DAY OR LESS B. 2-7 C. 10-17 D. 20-30 E. OVER A MONTH |
C. 10-17 |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A LYMPHATIC FOLLICLE? A. ADENOIDS B. PALATINE TONSILS C. LIVER D. PHARYNGEAL TONSILS |
C. LIVER |
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SUSCEPTIBILITY IS BEST DESCRIBED AS ________ A. A LACK OF RESISTANCE B. THE ABILITY TO WARD OFF DISEASE C. RAPID RESPONSE TO DISEASE D. RESPONSE TO A PATHOGEN |
A. LACK OF RESISTANCE |
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THIS PORTION OF THE LYMPH NODE CONTAINS LYMPHATIC NODULES A. CORTEX B. HILUM C. MEDULLA D. SINUSES E. TRABECULAE |
A. CORTEX |
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B CELLS AND T CELLS ARISE FROM A. LEUKOCYTES B. PHAGOCYTES C. PATHOGENS D. STEM CELLS IN RED BONE MARROW |
D. STEM CELLS IN RED BONE MARROW |
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THIS IS A SMALL HORMONE THAT CAN STIMULATE OR INHIBIT MANY NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS A. ENZYME B. KININS C. CYTOKINE D. MHC E. LEUKOCYTE |
C. CYTOKINE |
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THE SPLEEN IS THE SITE FOR ___________ A. MATURATION OF T CELLS B. BILE PRODUCTION C. ALCOHOL METABOLISM D. PHAGOCYTOSIS |
D. PHAGOCYTOSIS |
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THIS CAN ONLY STIMULATE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IF ATTACHED TO A LARGE CARRIER MOLECULE A. EPITOPE B. ANTIGEN C. HAPTEN D. MHC E. CD8 |
C. HAPTEN |
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THIS CLASS OF ANTIBODY BINDS TO MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS THUS INVOKING INFLAMMATION A. IgA B. IgE C. IgM D. IgG E. IgD |
B. IgE |
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5-10% OF LYMPHOCYTES ARE A. RED BLOOD CELLS B. PHAGOCYTES C. NEUTROPHILS D. NATURAL KILLER CELLS |
D. NATURAL KILLER CELLS |
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__________ EXPRESS THE SURFACE PROTEIN CD4 WHICH BINDS TO CLASS II MHC MOLECULES A. CYTOTOXIC T CELLS B. HELPER T CELLS C. MACROPHAGES D. PLASMA CELLS E. B CELLS |
B. HELPER T CELLS |
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THIS ACTION MAKES MICROBES MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO PHAGOCYTOSIS A. OPSONIZATION B. CYTOLYSIS C. INFLAMMATION D. COMPLEMENT E. HYBRIDOMA |
A. OPSONIZATION |
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THE ____________ DRAINS LYMPH FROM THE LOWER LIMBS, PELVIS, KIDNEYS, ADRENAL GLANDS AND ABDOMINAL WALL A. BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNKS B. INTERSTINAL TRUNK C. LUMBAR TRUNKS D. SUBCLAVIAN TRUNKS E. JUGULAR TRUNKS |
C. LUMBAR TRUNKS |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOES NOT DESCRIBE THE LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES A. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES HAVE GREATER PERMEABILITY THAN BLOOD CAPILLARIES B. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES CANNOT ABSORB LARGE MOLECULES SUCH AS PROTEINS AND LIPIDS C. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES HAVE A UNIQUE ONE WAY STRUCTURE THAT PERMITS INTERSTITIAL FLUID TO FLOW INTO THEM D. THE ENDS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE WALL OF A LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY OVERLAP E. ATTACHED TO THE LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES ARE ANCHORING FILAMENTS WHICH CONTAIN ELASTIC FIBRES |
B. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES CANNOT ABSORB LARGE MOLECULES SUCH AS PROTEINS AND LIPIDS. |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN ACTION OF ANTIBODIES? A. NEUTRALIZE ANTIGEN B. IMMOBILIZE BACTERIA C. ACTIVATE COMPLEMENT D. RELEASE CYTOKINES E. AGGLUTINATE AND PRECIPITATE ANTIGEN |
D. RELEASE CYTOKINES |
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CLONE OF LYMPHOCYTES THAT ALLOWS FOR SUBSEQUENT RECOGNITION OF AN ANTIGEN RESULTING IN A SECONDARY RESPONSE IS CALLED AN A. ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS B. MACROPHAGES C. EFFECTOR CELLS D. PLASMA CELLS E. MEMORY CELLS |
E. MEMORY CELLS |
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A MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IS _______________ A. DRAINING EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID B. TRANSPORT RED BLOOD CELLS C. SUPPLYING THE LIVER WITH HEAT D. FORMING URINE |
A. DRAINING EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INTENSIFIES THE EFFECT OF INTERFERONS AND PROMOTES THE RATE OF REPAIR? A. COMPLEMENT PROTEINS B. PERFORIN C. FEVER D. MACROPHAGES E. NATURAL KILLER CELLS |
C. FEVER |
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THESE ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES PROMOTE CYTOLYSIS, PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INFLAMMATION A. TRANSFERRINS B. PERFORINS C. COMPLEMENT PROTEINS D. DEFENSINS E. INTERFERONS |
C. COMPLEMENT PROTEINS |
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WHICH CLASS OF ANTIBODIES IS MAINLY FOUND IN SWEAT, TEARS, BREAST MILK AND GI SECRETIONS? A. IgG B. IgA C. IgM D. IgD E. IgE |
B. IgA |
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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CONSISTS OF ________ A. LYMPH B. LYMPHATIC TISSUES C. RED BONE MARROW D. ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A SIGN OF INFLAMMATION? A. REDNESS B. PAIN C. HEAT D. MUCOUS PRODUCTION E. SWELLING |
D. MUCOUS PRODUCTION |
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THESE ARE MAINLY USED TO KILL INFECTED BODY CELLS AND TUMOUR CELLS A. NATURAL KILLER CELLS B. PERFORINS C. PLATELETS D. MUCOUS E. ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS |
A. NATURAL KILLER CELLS |
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is a?
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a. Lymph
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is lymph?
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a
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is b?
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b. Endothelium of lymphatic capillary
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the endothelium of lymphatic capillary?
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b
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is c?
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c. Tissue cell
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is d?
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d. Interstitial fluid
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the interstitial fluid?
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d
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is e?
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e. Anchoring filament
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the anchoring filament?
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e
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is f?
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f. Opening
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the opening?
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f
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is g?
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g. Blood capillary
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the blood capillary?
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g
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is h?
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h. Arteriole
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the arteriole?
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h
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is i and m?
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i. and m. Blood
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letters are blood?
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i and m
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is j?
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j. Lymphatic capillary
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the lymphatic capillary?
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j
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is k?
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k. Interstitial fluid
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the interstitial fluid?
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k
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is l?
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l. Lymph
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the lymph?
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l
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is n?
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n. Tissue cells
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is tissue cells?
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n
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what is o?
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o. venule
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Lymphatic Capillaries, what letter is the venule?
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o
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is a? |
a. Pulmonary circulation |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the pulmonary circulation?
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a |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is b?
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b. Lymphatic capillaries |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the lymphatic capillaries?
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b |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is c?
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c. Pulmonary blood capillaries |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the pulmonary blood capillaries?
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c |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is d?
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d. Arteries |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the arteries?
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d |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is e?
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e. Systemic blood capillaries |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the systemic blood capillaries?
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e |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is f?
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f. Lymph node |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the lymph node?
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f |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is h?
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h. Valve |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the valve?
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h |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is i?
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i. Lymphatic vessel |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the lymphatic vessel?
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i |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is j?
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j. Subclavian vein |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the subclavian vein?
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j |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is k?
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k. Lymphatic duct |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the lymphatic duct?
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k |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what is l?
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l. Systemic circulation |
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Formation and Flow of Lymph, what letter is the systemic circulation?
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l |
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CYTOKINES ARE SMALL HORMONES THAT ______ A. DESTROY MICROBES B. STIMULATE OR INHIBIT MANY NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS GROWTH OR DIFFERENTIATION C. TRANSPORT CARBOHYDRATES AROUND THE BODY D. BIND WITH ANTIGEN |
B. STIMULATE OR INHIBIT MANY NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS GROWTH OR DIFFERENTIATION. |
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WHAT IS THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LYMPH AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID A. COMPOSITION OF ELECTROLYTES B. WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE PRESENT IN LYMPH C. LOCATION WHERE THESE FLUIDS ARE FOUND D. TYPES OF PROTEINS PRESENT E. RED BLOOD CELLS ARE PRESENT IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID |
C. LOCATION WHERE THESE FLUIDS ARE FOUND |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A FUNCTION OF INFLAMMATION? A. PREPARES THE SITE FOR TISSUE REPAIR B. DISPOSAL OF TOXINS C. AIDS IN DISPOSAL OF MICROBES D. PROVIDES A PHYSICAL BARRIER FROM PATHOGENS |
D. PROVIDES A PHYSICAL BARRIER FROM PATHOGENS |
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THIS CAN ONLY BECOME ACTIVATED WHEN BOUND TO A FOREIGN ANTIGEN AND SIMULTANEOUSLY RECEIVING A COSTIMULATE A. B CELL B. T CELL C. INTERFERON D. MHC E. ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL |
B. T CELL |
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THE FOLLOWING ARE SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE AGAINST PATHOGENS EXCEPT A. NATURAL KILLER CELLS B. PHAGOCYTES C. INTERFERONS D. LYSOZOME E. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM |
D. LYSOZOME |
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WHAT IS THE MOST VARIABLE CELL IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? A. NATURAL KILLER CELL B. MONOCYTE C. RBC D. LYMPHOCYTE E. MACROPHAGE |
D. LYMPHOCYTE |
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THIS TYPE OF DISEASE RESULTS FROM THE INABILITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO DISTINGUISH SELF FROM NON-SELF ANTIGENS A. IMMUNODEFICIENCY B. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE C. ALLERGY D. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION E. ANAPHYLAXIS |
B. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE |
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WHICH CLASS OF ANTIBODIES IS SECRETED IN THE STRUCTURAL FORM OF A PENTAMER? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgM D. IgD E. IgG |
C. IgM |
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INTERFERONS PROTECT UNINFECTED HOST CELLS FROM A. BACTERIAL INFECTION B. FUNGAL INFECTION C. VIRAL INFECTION D. PROTOZOA INFECTION |
C. VIRAL INFECTION |
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LACK OF RESISTANCE IS ALSO KNOWN AS A. PATHOGENIC B. INNATE C. SPECIFIC D. SUSCEPTIBILITY E. LYMPHATIC |
D. SUSCEPTIBILITY |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE HALLMARK OF THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE? A. ANTIGEN PRESENTATION B. BINDING OF ANTIBODY TO THE ANTIGEN C. PHAGOCYTOSIS D. INTERFERON PRODUCTION E. CELL LYSIS BY T CELLS |
B. BINDING OF ANTIBODY TO THE ANTIGEN |
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INNATE IMMUNITY IS ____________ A. DEVELOPED IN RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC PATHOGEN B. RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES C. ALWAYS PRESENT TO PROVIDE RAPID RESPONSES AGAINST DISEASE D. USED BY THE BODY TO TRANSPORT LIPIDS |
C. ALWAYS PRESENT TO PROVIDE RAPID RESPONSES AGAINST DISEASE. |
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CYTOTOXIC CELLS SECRETE THIS TOXIN THAT IS USED TO FRAGMENT DNA A. PERFORIN B. TUMOUR ANTIGEN C. INTERFERONS D. LYMPHOTOXIN E. TOXIN T |
D. LYMPHOTOXIN |
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MASSES OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE NOT SURROUNDED BY A CAPSULE ARE KNOWN AS A. LYMPHATIC NODES B. LYMPHATIC DUCTS C. MUCOUS MEMBRANES D. LYMPHATIC FOLLICLES |
D. LYMPHATIC FOLLICLES |
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WHICH TISSUE/ORGAN BELOW PRODUCES THE HORMONE THAT PROMOTES MATURATION OF T CELLS? A. SPLEEN B. LYMPH NODE C. RED BONE MARROW D. THYMUS E. PANCREAS |
D. THYMUS |
