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92 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
True or false? A cell is the smallest unit of life
True
When some of your cells become damaged or die, can they be replaced

A. Yes
B. No
C. It depends on which type of cell.
C. It depends on which type of cell.
Prokaryotic cells do not have ________.
A. a cell membrane
B. a nucleus
C. chromosomes
D. cytoplasm
B. a nucleus
Plasma membranes contain which of the following:

A. Phosphlipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Proteins
D. All the above
D. All of the above
Which form of transport primarily uses a concentration gradient to move solutes?

A. Diffusion
B. Facilitated Transport
C. Osmosis
D. Active Transport
A. Diffusion
The function of epithelial tissues is to ________.

A. support body organs and muscles
B. store fat for energy
C. line or cover body and organ surfaces
D. transmit electrical impulses
C. line or cover body and organ surfaces
Which type of muscle is described as striated and under voluntary control?

A. Skeletal
B. Cardiac
C. Smooth
D. All the above
A. Skeletal
Which one of the following is an organ?

A. Bone
B. Skin
C. Nerves
D. Blood
B. Skin
Which of the following cells make bone?

A. Osteoclasts
B. White blood cells
C. Macrophages
D. Osteoblasts
D. Osteoblasts
What is the term for the connective tissue that holds two bones together?

A. Tendon
B. Elastic Fiber
C. Ligament
D. Basement Membrane
C. Ligament
True or false? All joints are freely movable.
False
True or False? Bone is a living tissue.
True
Which type of cellular vesicle stores materials destined for release via exocytosis?

a. secretory
b. peroxisomes
c. endocytotic
d. lysosomes
a. secretory
What does the sodium potassium pump require to function normally?

a. cholesterol in the cellular membrane
b. ATP
c. a hypertonic condition
d. A concentration gradient
b. ATP
Which term refers to the transport of water across the cell membrane?

a. diffusion through channels
b. diffusion
c. osmosis
d. active transport
c. Osmosis
Which of the following statements concerning microvilli is false?

a. Microvilli are microscopic projections of the cell's plasma membrane.
b. Microvilli move together in a rhythmic, wave-like motion.
c. The cell's surface area, relative to volume, is greatly increased by the presence of microvilli.
d. Microvilli are common in cells that line the digestive track.
b. Microvilli move together in a rhythmic, wave-like function
Which of the following statements concerning energy is false?

a. The most effective way to harvest energy is to release it quickly.
b. The body stores most of its reserve energy as fat.
c. Fat produces more than twice the energy of carbohydrates and protein.
d. Energy is constantly being transferred into and out of the body.
a. The most effective way to harvest energy is to release it quickly
Which of the following is present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

a. DNA
b. cytoplasm
c. a nuclear membrane
d. a plasma membrane
c. a nuclear membrane
What molecule in the structure of the plasma membrane prevents the membrane from becoming too fluid?

a. phospholipids
b. DNA
c. carbohydrates
d. cholesterol
d. cholesterol
Most of the chemical compounds produced by the body are synthesized by the:

a. endocytic vesicles
b. rough endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. nucleolus
b. rough endoplasmic reticulum
Substance Y is a lipid-soluble molecule that is more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. Substance Y will move into the cell by:

a. active transport
b. diffusion
c. exocytosis
d. osmosis
b. diffusion
Substance X is more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. Substance X will move out of the cell by:

a. osmosis
b. active transport
c. diffusion
d. facilitated diffusion
b. active transport
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
Axial skeleton
Skull, Vertebral Column, ribs and sternum
Bone
Connective tissue that forms the bony skeleton. Consists of living cells (osteocytes) encased in a hard extracellular matrix made of minerals and salts
Calcitonin
hormone that stimulates osteoblast activity causing calcium deposition in bone
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue made by chondroblasts
Compact Bone
Dense bone tissue found on the outer surface and shafts of bones
Epiphyseal Plate
Cartilage band where lengthening of bone occurs
Haversion System (Osteons)
Cylindrical layers that form bone. Contain trapped osteocytes, blood vessels and nerve processes.
Joints
Areas of contact or near contact between bones
Three Types of Joints
a. Cartilaginous
b. Fibrous
c. Synovial
Cartilaginous Joints
moveable joints – e.g., rib attachments to sternum
Fibrous Joints
Immovable joints – e.g., skull
Synovial Joints
Freely moveable joints – e.g., knee, elbow
Ligament
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
Ossification
Process of making bone from cartilage
Osteoarthritis
Caused by cartilage at synovial joints wearing away
Osteoblast
Cells that make the bone matrix
Osteoclast
bone cells that secrete enzymes that degrade the bone matrix
Osteocyte
Former osteoblasts. Trapped in matrix they made. Help maintain bone
Osteoporosis
Disorder that thins and softens bone due to an imbalance of rates of bone formation and bone degradation
Parathyroid Hormone
that stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone and release calcium
Periosteum
Connective tissue covering bone containing osteocytes
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune response causes cartilage degeneration in joints, which become inflamed and accumulate bone deposits
Secondary Ossification
Lengthening of bone that occurs in epiphysis
Skeleton
The body’s physical support system. Consists of bones and various connective tissues that hold them together
Spongy Bone
Bone tissue characterized by thin, hard interconnecting bony elements enclosing hollow spaces. Red blood cells are produced in spongy bone
Tendon
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Basement Membrane
layer that separates many tissues and anchors epithelial cells
Cell Junctions
Join cells and regulate movement of materials between and through cells
Tight Junctions
Seal plasma membranes of adjacent cells. So tight that nothing can pass between.
Adhesion Junctions
two cells together, but allow some flexibility for movement
Gap Junctions
Pores between adjacent cells that allow for the transfer of water and some small molecules.
Extracellular Matrix
Noncellular material between cells. Mostly collagen and elastin in a polysaccharide gel.
Intercalated Discs
Junction between cardiac muscle cells that allows communication between to synchronize contractions
Organ
Different tissues working together for a common end
Organ System
Two or more organs working together for a common end
Tissue
Group of like cells that perform a common task
Epithelial Tissue
Sheetlike arrays of cells – Line body surfaces, cavities, ducts and tubes. Many are specialized for secretion
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Connective Tissue
Supports and connects parts of body together. Usually fewer cells and lot of extracellular material.
Types of Connective Tissue
Loose (Areolar), Dense, Elastic, Cartilage, Bone, Adipose and Blood
Muscle Tissue
that contract when stimulated. Moves body and specific parts of body
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
Nervous Tissue
Generate and transmit electrical impulses throughout body. Neurons and Glial (support) cells.
Active Transport
Transferring of substances in or out of a cell at the cost of energy to the cell
Cell
smallest structure that shows all the characteristics of life
Chromatin
Thread-like material in nucleus that contains the DNA and associated proteins
Endocytosis
process of bringing fluids, particles or cells into cell by engulfing them in a portion of the plasma membrane
Eukaryote
An organism composed of cells with nuclei and internal, membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi and protists are eukaryotes
Extracellular Matrix
Proteins, carbohydrates and other materials on the outside of the cell
Exocytosis
Process of expelling materials from the cell via vesicle that fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents to the outside
Magnification
The ratio of an objects image to its real size
Nucleolus
Dark appearing portion of nucleus that is the site of ribosomal protein and RNA synthesis.
Organelle
One of many small cellular structures that perform specific functions in a cell
Centriole
Small organelle made of microtubules that is involved in cell division
Cytoskeleton
Cells internal skeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Support the cell and provide a means for various types of cell movements
Golgi Apparatus
membranous system in cell that finishes and processes proteins and lipids and ships via vesicles to their final destinations
Lysosome
Organelle containing strong enzymes that is involved in digesting macromolecules
Mitochondria
Organelle surrounded by double membrane system that is responsible for producing the cells ATP
Nucleus
Site of the cells genetic material
Peroxisome
membrane-bound vesicle that detoxifies toxins in cell
Ribosome
Organelle that reads RNA and makes protein in the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
series of folded membranes in cell studded with ribosomes. The site of most protein synthesis in cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Has no ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis and several other cell processes.
Vesicle
Small membrane-bound sac that moves substances around and out of cell
Passive Transport
Movement of substances across membrane that does not require energy
Plasma Membrane
membrane surrounding a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded cholesterol and proteins
Prokaryote
A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Resolution
A measure of image clarity
Selective Permeability
certain substances to pass through while blocking others