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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy
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is the ability to do work
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potential energy
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stored energy available to do work
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kinetic energy
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energy being used to do work
ex: movement heat light sound |
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what is a calorie
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the energy it takes to hear 1 g of water 1 degree c
kilocalorie or calorie = 1000 calories |
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what is a kilocalorie or a calorie
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1000 calories
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what is the first law of thermodynamics?
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law of energy conservation
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what are the qualities of the law of energy conservation?
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Only converted to other forms Energy transformations sustaining life are similar in all organisms |
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what is the second law of thermodynamics?
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all energy transformations are inefficient
ex: Lose some energy as heat Organisms must use incoming energy and matter to remain organized |
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WHAT IS ENTROPY?
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tendency toward randomness
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what is metabolism?
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sum of all the reactions in cells
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the product of one reaction becomes what?
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the substrate of another reaction
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the metabalism is organized into?
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metabolic pathways
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reactions ______ or _______ energy?
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absorb or release
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what are Endergonic reactions ?
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Require energy to proceed
Build complex molecules Photosynthesis |
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what Exergonic reactions
are ? |
Release energy
Break apart large, complex molecules Cellular respiration |
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what is oxidation?
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lose electrons, release energy
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what is reduction?
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– gain electrons, requires energy
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what is an enzyme?
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a Protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed
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what do enzymes do?
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lowers the Amount of energy required to start a reaction
and Increases reaction rates a billion times |
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what is an active site?
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– a region where reactant (or substrate) binds
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cells controls what rates?
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precisely control reaction rates
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what is Negative feedback or feedback inhibition?
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Excess of reaction’s product inhibits enzyme controlling formation
Thermostat example( when your body gets to a certain temp an enzyme is released to stop raising your body temp) Competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibition |
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what is positive feedback?
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Product activates pathway, reaction proceeds faster and faster
Not as common ex: CHILDBIRTH, and blot clots(scabs) |
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what can alter enzyme shape and function?
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Too hot, too high or low pH, too low or high salt concentration
Exact conditions depend on the organism and enzyme |
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what is denature?
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loses shape and function
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cells spend a tremendous amount of energy doing what?
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maintaining differences between themselves and the outside world
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what is a Concentration gradient ?
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solute is more concentrated in one region than another
* Dissipates unless energy expended to maintain it |
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All forms of membrane transport involve ?
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gradients
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membranes are ________ _______. this means what?
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selectively permeable, this means only certain things can get in and out of our cells.
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what is passive transport?
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does not require cell to expend energy, an example of this is diffusion
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what is diffusion?
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spontaneous movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated
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what makes diffusion occurs?
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Occurs because atoms are in constant, random motion
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what is simple diffusion?
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a Form of passive transport not using a carrier protein
ex:Oxygen and carbon dioxide use simple diffusion to enter and leave blood in the lungs or tissues |
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what is osmosis?
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Simple diffusion of water across a membrane
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what is tonicity?
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ability of a substance to cause water movement
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what does isotonic mean?
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concentrations equal inside and outside the cell – water does not enter or leave – cell stays the same size
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what does hypotonic mean?
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hypo means under – solute concentration lower inside cell – water enters – cell swells
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what does hypertonic mean?
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hyper means over – solute concentration higher outside cell – water leaves cell – cell shrinks
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does facilitated diffusion require energy?
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no it does not require energy?
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how does active transport work?
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Cell uses a transport protein to move a solute against its concentration gradient requiring ATP
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WHAT DOES ENDOCYTOSIS do?
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allows a cell to engulf large molecules and fluid
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what is Pinocytosis ?
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absorbing fluids and dissolved substances
*cell drinking |
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what is Phagocytosis ?
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engulfs large particles or debris
*cell eating |
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what does Exocytosis do?
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when a cell uses vesicles to transport fluids and large particles out of cell
ex:Golgi apparatus produces vesicles |
