Human Bio - Respiratory System

Front 1

respiration

Back 1

exchange of gases between an organism and its environment;
O2 taken up, CO2 excreted

Front 2

ventilation

Back 2

active movement of air or water over respiratory surface

Front 3

missing link between sea and land animals

Back 3

Tiktaalik rosae

Front 4

why gas exchange in air is better than water

Back 4

no need to maintain moisture
air contains higher concentration of molecular O2
O2 diffuses more rapidly through air than water
less energy needed to move air over gas exchange surface

Front 5

external/internal respiration

Back 5

external: exchange of gases across lung tissue
internal: moving O2 out of blood and into tissue cells & moving CO2 from tissues into blood

Front 6

respiratory system

Back 6

lungs and airways, located in pleural cavity, covered with pleural membrane

Front 7

path of air

Back 7

nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Front 8

turbinates

Back 8

bony projections in the nose covered with epithelial tissue which tumble the air, catching dust and bacteria in mucus

Front 9

3 sections of pharynx

Back 9

nasopharynx (above soft palate)
oropharynx (from end of soft palate to epiglottis)
larygnopharynx (from epiglottis to esophageal opening)

Front 10

nasopharynx

Back 10

only air, continuous with nasal cavity, lined with pseudostratified columnar, houses adenoids (nonspecific immune defense), pharyngotympanic tube connects to the middle ear

Front 11

oropharynx

Back 11

food and air, tonsils located here, lined with stratified squamous

Front 12

laryngopharynx

Back 12

food and air, stratified squamous epithelium

Front 13

larynx

Back 13

adam's apple, contains vocal cords, formed by cartilage, hole is glottis covered by epiglottis

Front 14

trachea

Back 14

transports air to lungs, formed by cartilage rings, lined with mucus secreting ciliated pseudostratified epithelial, thymus and thyroid glands along surface

Front 15

bronchi

Back 15

trachea branches into cartilage-containing bronchi within lung, which branches into bronchioles (no cartilage), which branch into alveoli

Front 16

alveoli

Back 16

lined with simple squamous epithelial (gas exchange), surrounded by network of capillaries

Front 17

breathing

Back 17

not respiration
pressure inversely proportional to volume

Front 18

volumes of concern

Back 18

thoracic cavity, pleural space, within lung

Front 19

pressures of concern

Back 19

atmospheric (760 mm Hg), thoracic cavity, within the lung

Front 20

inspiration

Back 20

period when air flows into lungs
intercostal muscles contract, diaphragm descends, rib cage rises
TC V increases and lungs stretch
pressure drops
higher pressure outside -> air moves into lungs
active process because muscles are contracted

Front 21

expiration

Back 21

period when gases exit the lungs
muscles relax, diaphragm rises, rib cage descends
TC & pulmonary cavity V decreases
pressure in lungs rises above atmospheric
air (gases) flow out of lungs
passive process
different during exercise

Front 22

air pollutants

Back 22

substances in atmosphere with harmful effects
major sources: power plants, industrial processes, transportation (fossil fuels)
inhaling polluted air results in bronchial constriction, damage to ciliated cells, coughing, increased mucus secretion

Front 23

chronic effects of air pollution

Back 23

very common in urban areas
bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, asthma, cancer
chronic CO reduces capacity of blood to carry O2 and can cause heart disease

Front 24

carcinogenic effects of air pollution

Back 24

soot, diesel exhaust, heavy-metal and organic pollutants in air
even trace amounts

Front 25

most susceptible to air pollution

Back 25

children, elderly, asthmatics, people with chronic pulmonary/heart disease

Front 26

tidal volume

Back 26

amount of air moving in and out of lungs while breathing normally (~.5L)

Front 27

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 27

inspiring > tidally (~3.1L)

Front 28

expiratory reserve volume

Back 28

exhaling > tidally (~1.2L)

Front 29

vital capacity

Back 29

amount of air that can be exchanged in one breath (app 4.8L)

Front 30

residual volume

Back 30

air remaining in alveoli/tubes after exhaling everything (app. 1.2L)

Front 31

total lung capacity

Back 31

VC + RV (app 6L)

Front 32

hemoglobin

Back 32

respiratory pigment found in blood

Front 33

myoglobin

Back 33

respiratory pigment found in muscle

Front 34

hemoglobin and O2 transport

Back 34

O2 transported as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2): oxygen bound to hemoglobin

Front 35

oxygen-carrying capacity

Back 35

max amoutn of O2 that can be transported by hemoglobin

Front 36

oxygen content

Back 36

actual amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin

Front 37

percent oxygen saturation

Back 37

ratio of O2 content to capacity

Front 38

Bohr effect

Back 38

chemical bond between blood and hemoglobin is weak
dissociates more readily as pH decreases & CO2 increases

Front 39

CO2 transport

Back 39

7-10% of CO2 in plasma - slow rxn
CO2 in RBC - fast rxn - carbonic anhydrase
CO2 combines with water and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)
hydrogen ion to hemoglobin, forms bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Cl ion shifts into cell
(all happens in reverse when CO2 leaves blood and diffuses into lungs)

Front 40

respiratory acidosis

Back 40

decrease in pH in blood, no dissociation, O2 isn't going to cells