Human Behavior Chapter 8

Front 1

Accommodation (cultural)

Back 1

Process of partial or selective cultural change in which members of nondominant groups follow the norms, rules, and standards of the dominant culture only in specific circumstances and contexts.

Front 2

Acculturation

Back 2

A process of changing one's culture by incorporating elements of another culture; a mutual sharing of culture

Front 3

Assimilation (cultural)

Back 3

The process of change whereby individuals of one society or ethnic group are culturally incorporated or absorbed into another by adopting the patterns and norms of the host culture

Front 4

Bicultural socialization

Back 4

Process whereby members of nonmajority groups master both the dominant culture and their own culture

Front 5

Biological determinism

Back 5

Defining and differentiating social behavior on the basis of biological and genetic endowment

Front 6

Common sense

Back 6

Shared ways of perceiving reality and shared conclusions drawn from lived experience; an organized body of culture-bound beliefs that members of a community or society believe to be second nature, plain, obvious, and self-evident

Front 7

Cultural conflict

Back 7

Conflict over the meaning of cultural symbols

Front 8

Cultural hegemony

Back 8

The all-encompassing dominance of particular structures in society. Not limited to political control but includes a way of seeing the world that includes cultural and political dominance.

Front 9

Cultural innovation

Back 9

A process of adapting, modifying, and changing culture through interaction over time.

Front 10

Cultural relativism

Back 10

The position that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.

Front 11

Culture

Back 11

Shared cognitive and emotional frames and lenses that serve as the bases for an evolving map for living. It is constructed from the entire spectrum of human actions and the material circumstances of people in societies as they attempt to create order, meaning, and value

Front 12

Culture of poverty

Back 12

A term coined by Oscar Lewis to describe the unique culture and ways of those who are impoverished; it has been used over time to look at impoverished people as having cultural deficits

Front 13

Customs

Back 13

Beliefs, values, & behaviors, such as marriage practices, child-rearing practices, dietary preferences, and attire, that are handed down through generations and become a part of a people's traditions

Front 14

Ethnic identity

Back 14

Feelings, beliefs, and behaviors associated with membership in an ethnic group that are based on common relations such as kinship, language, religion, geographic location, & historical experience

Front 15

Ethnocentrism

Back 15

Considering one's own culture as superior and judging culturally different practices by the standards and norms of one's own culture

Front 16

Ethos

Back 16

The moral and aesthetic tone, character, and quality of a people's life; their underlying feelings towards themselves and the world

Front 17

Ideology (cultural)

Back 17

The dominant ideas within a culture about the way things are and should work, derived from a group's social, economic, & political interests

Front 18

Norm

Back 18

Culturally defined standard or rule of conduct

Front 19

Othering

Back 19

Labeling people who fall outside of one's own group as abnormal, inferior, or marginal

Front 20

Postmodernism

Back 20

A term used to describe contemporary culture as a postindustrial culture in which people are connected across time and place through global electronic communications; emphasis is on the existence of different worldviews and concepts of reality.

Front 21

Practice orientation

Back 21

A way of thinking about culture that recognizes the relationships and mutual influences among structures of society and culture, the impact of history, and the nature and impact of human action.

Front 22

Race

Back 22

A system of social identity based on biological markers such as skin color that influences economic, social, and political relations

Front 23

Racism

Back 23

Discriminatory thoughts, Beliefs, and actions based on the assignment of an individual or group to a racial classification

Front 24

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 24

Social, economic, & political relations developed around education, economic, & occupational status; social class

Front 25

Symbol

Back 25

Something verbal (language, words) or nonverbal (such as a flag) that comes to stand for something else; a way of expressing meaning

Front 26

Tradition

Back 26

A process of handing down from one generation to another particular cultural beliefs and practices. In particular, a process of ratifying particular beliefs and practices by connecting them to selected social, economic, and political practices

Front 27

Worldview

Back 27

A cognitive picture of the way things-- nature, self, society-- actually are