Human Anatomy & Physiology - Lecture Exam 1

Front 1

mesenteries

Back 1

double layer of peritoneum suspending the abdominal organs from the posterior body wall

Front 2

retroperitoneal

Back 2

structures outsied the peritoneal cavity, but considered in the abdominal region (kidneys, adrenal glands, lower part of colon, pancreas, urinary bladder)

Front 3

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 3

membranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes - protein synth. and transport to golgi apparatus

Front 4

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 4

membranous tubules and flattened sacs with NO attached ribosomes - manufactures lipids and carbohydrates, detoxifies harmful chemicals, stores calcium

Front 5

ribosome

Back 5

site of protein synthesis

Front 6

golgi apparatus

Back 6

modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use

Front 7

lysosome

Back 7

contains digestive enzymes - membrane bound vesicle pinched off golgi apparatus

Front 8

proteasomes

Back 8

tube-like protein complexes in cytoplasm - break down proteins in the cytoplasm

Front 9

mitochondria

Back 9

enclosed by double membrane, inner membrane forms projections called cristae - MAJOR SITE OF ATP SYNTHESIS when oxygen is AVAILABLE

Front 10

selectively permeable

Back 10

allows water but not all the solutes dissolved in the water to diffuse across - characteristic of plasma membrane

Front 11

diffusion

Back 11

movement of solutes from an area of higher conc. to an area of lower conc.

Front 12

osmosis

Back 12

diffusion of water(solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane (plasma membrane)

Front 13

osmotic pressure

Back 13

foce required to prevent movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 14

isosmotic

Back 14

have same concentration of solute particles and same osmotic pressure - even if types of solute particles in the 2 solutions differ

Front 15

hyperosmotic

Back 15

solution having a greater conc. of solute particles, and therefore a greater osmotic pressure than another solution

Front 16

hyposmotic

Back 16

more dilute solution with the lower osmotic pressure

Front 17

isotonic

Back 17

solution which causes a cell to neither shrink or swell - shape of cell remains constant, maintaining its internal tension or TONE

Front 18

hypertonic

Back 18

water moves out of cell by osmosis, causing cell to shrink

Front 19

hypotonic

Back 19

cell placed in solution and water moves into cell by osmosis, cell swells

Front 20

crenation

Back 20

red blood cells - water moving by osmosis from cell into the hypertonic solution, causing cells to shrink

Front 21

lysis

Back 21

water moving by osmosis into cell, causing it so swell and rupture

Front 22

mediated transport mechanisms

Back 22

when something cannot exit the cell by diffusion - carrier proteins or channels within plasma membrane that move large, water soluble molecules or elec. charged molecules or ions across

Front 23

facilitated diffusion

Back 23

carrier-mediated or channel-mediated process moving substances into or out of cells FROM A HIGHER TO A LOWER CONCENTRATION - no energy required, CAN'T move across conc. gradient

Front 24

active transport

Back 24

mediated transport process requiring ATP - CAN MOVE FROM LOWER TO HIGHER CONC. (ACROSS CONC GRADIENT) (SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP)

Front 25

secondary active transport

Back 25

active transp. of an ion such as Na+ out of a cell, establiching a concentration gradient, with a higher conc. of the ions outside the cell

Front 26

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 26

receptor site combine only with certain molecules

Front 27

pinocytosis

Back 27

much smaller vesicles than phagocytosis, same concept, but liquid inside the vesicle

Front 28

CAT

Back 28

(Computerized axial tomographic scans) - computer analyzed x-ray images. Low intensity xray tube rotated through 360 deg. arc around patient, images fed to computer - construcs image of "slice" where beam was rotated

Front 29

Ultrasound

Back 29

uses high-frequency sound waves (sonar technology). emitted from transmitter-reciever placed on skin over area. Sound bounces back off internal organs - computer analyzes pattern of sound waves

Front 30

DSR

Back 30

(dynamic spatial reconstruction) same as CAT but uses about 30 xray tubes. images are compiled to produce 3-d image. FAST

Front 31

DSA

Back 31

(digital subtraction aniography) 3-d radiographic image of organ such as brain made and stored in computer... radiopaque dye injected into circultation, second radiographic computer image is made. 1st image subtracted from second one

Front 32

MRI

Back 32

(magnetic resonance imaging) directs radio waves at person lying inside large electromagnetic field - causes protons of various atoms to aligh (detecting some forms of cancer and tumor better than CAT)

Front 33

PET

Back 33

(positron emission tomographic) identify metabolic states of various tissues (useful for BRAIN) radioactively treated "labeled" glucose given to patient. gamma rays given off, detected

Front 34

hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia)

Back 34

attaches skin to bond and misscle; supplies it with blood vessels and nerves - loose connective tissue w/collagen and elastin fibers - cells are fibroblasts, adipose cells, macrophages

Front 35

sebacious glands

Back 35

in dermis, spimple or compound alveolar glands that produce sebum

Front 36

interstitial growth

Back 36

chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the cells

Front 37

appositional growth

Back 37

chondroblasts in perichondrium lay down new matrix and add new chondrocytes to the outside of the tissue

Front 38

perichondrium

Back 38

double layered CT sheath covering most carilage - outer layer is dense iregular CT containing fibroblasts, inner has fewer fibers and contains chondroblasts

Front 39

epiphyseal (growth) plate

Back 39

hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 40

diaphysis

Back 40

bone shaft, mainly compact bone

Front 41

epiphysis

Back 41

ends of bone

Front 42

periosteum

Back 42

CR membrane covering outer surface of bone - outer layer is dense irreg. collagenous CT containing blood vessels and nerves, inner is single layer of bone cells

Front 43

hematopoeisis

Back 43

blood cell production

Front 44

endosteum

Back 44

thin CT layer internal surface of bone cavities (such as medullary cavity)

Front 45

parathormone

Back 45

hormone that increases blood levels of calcium and phosphorus - stinmulates osteoclast activity

Front 46

calcitonin

Back 46

fron thyroid stimullates osteoblast activity (decreases blood levels of calcium and phosphorus)