Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the levels of organization for life in the planet? |
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism |
|
|
Anatomy is the study of what? |
Study of the structure or internal workings of something. |
|
|
What is the seven different methods to view anatomy? |
Dissection- observation of structure Gross Anatomy- with the naked eye Histology- with a microscope Palpation-feeling with fingers Auscultation- listening to natural sounds Percussion- taping & listening Imaging |
|
|
What are the different forms of anatomy? |
Exploratory Surgery Medical Imaging Gross Anatomy Cytology Histology |
|
|
What is the scientific term for normal anatomy? |
Situs solitus |
|
|
What is the scientific term for organs that are flipped? |
Situs inversus (right and left are flipped) |
|
|
What is an examples of organ variation? |
Detrocardia-heart is reversed |
|
|
What is the scientific term for an organ out of place? |
Situs perversus |
|
|
What is the percentage of a anatomical variation? |
30% |
|
|
What does hydrophobic mean? What part of the cell is hydrophobic? |
Does not like water Fatty acid (tail) |
|
|
What does hydrophilic mean? What part of the cell is hydrophilic? |
Likes water Phosphate group (head) |
|
|
What does the fluid mosaic model refer to ? |
the theory that membrane components are complex and constantly migrating |
|
|
What is a receptor? |
binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells |
|
|
What is a enzyme? |
breaks down a chemical messenger ans terminates its effect |
|
|
What is a channel? |
is constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell |
|
|
What is a gated channel? |
opens and closes to allow solutes through only at certain times |
|
|
What is a cell-identity marker? |
a glycoprotein acting as a cell-identity marker distinguishing the body's own cells from foreign cells |
|
|
What is a cell-adhesion molecule? |
binds one cell to another |
|
|
What stabilizes a membrane? |
Cholesterol |
|
|
What does microvilli do? |
Increase cell surface area. Best developed in cells specialized for absorption |
|
|
What does cilia do? |
hair like projections non-motile: nearly all cells have these to monitor external conditions motile: propel materials in the body |
|
|
what is a pseudopod? |
cytoplasmic extensions of cells |
|
|
what are the three types of glands? |
Exocrine: maintain contact with surface via a duct. EX: sweat glands Endocrine: lose contact with surface and have no ducts. EX: pancreas, thyroid, adrenal Unicellular: secretory cells found in epithelium. EX: goblet cells |
|
|
What are the components to the long bones? |
Epiphyses diaphysis compact bone spongy bone marrow cavity articular cavity periosteum endosteum |
|
|
What are some articulations and attachment zones to bones? |
Articulations: condyles, facets, heads Attachment zones: trochanter, tubercle, epicondyles, tuberosity |
|
|
Red marrow |
nearly in every bone of a child in adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, proximal heads of humerus and femur hemopoietic tissue produces blood cells |
|
|
yellow marrow |
most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow no longer produces blood |
|
|
osteoblasts |
bone-forming cells. syn. soft organic matrix, which hardens by material deposition |
|
|
osteocytes |
trapped osteoblast |
|
|
osteoclasts |
bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface usually large cells, have 3-4 nuclei (up to 50) |
|
|
joint |
any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at the interface |
|
|
what are the four major joint categories? |
bony joints fibrous joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints |
|
|
bony joints |
also called synostosis is an immovable joint formed when the fibrocartilage gap between to bones ossifies EX: frontal bone and mandible |
|
|
fibrous joints |
also called synarthrosis a largly immovable joint where two bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue EX: suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis |
|
|
cartliaginous joints |
also called amphiarthrosis-two bones are linked by cartilage. fibrocartilage EX: pubic symphysis, bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs |
|
|
synovial joints |
also called diarthrosis-linked by a joint cavity most are freely movable structurally complex artivular cartilage. 2-3 mm thick fluids: viscous, slippery texture, nourishes articular cartilage, removes waste, movement almost friction free EX: phalanges |
|
|
What are accessory structures associated with synovial joints? |
tendon: attaches muscle to bone. most important structures in stabilizing a joint ligament: similar tissue that attaches bone to bone Bursa: a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid. cushions muscles, helps tendons slide over joints, modifies direction of tendon pull |
|
|
What are the 3 hypotheses for how bipedalism evolved? |
fruit gathering save energy when walking. primates knuckle walk, decrease surface area exposure to sun freed hands for tool use |
|
|
What are the anatomical differences between humans and apes? |
illium. apes face posterior while humans face laterally S.curve of spine changes center of gravity changes in bone orientation change muscle actions |
|
|
What are the functions of the muscular system? |
movement: walking, talking, breathing, blood circulation stability: maintain posture by preventing unwanted movement control body openings and passages. regulate amount of light entering eyes, movement of food and waste elimination heat production: produce 85% of body heat. vital to enzyme functions like metabolism |
|
|
what are the classification of muscles by fascicle orientation? |
fusiform: thick in middle with tapered ends. ex. biceps brachii parallel: uniform width with parallel fascicles ex. rectus abdominis triangular: fan shaped ex. pectoralis major pennate: feather shaped ex. rectus femoris circular: forms rings (sphincters) ex. anus |
|
|
neuromuscular junction |
area where the neuron and muscle connect |
|
|
what is the space between the neuromuscular junction? |
synaptic cleft |
|
|
what are muscle contractions? |
impulse form nervous system involves structures in muscle fibers involves ions uses ATP |
|
|
what are the four structures involved in a muscle contraction? |
actin: thin filament troponin: protein complex which binds Ca2+ tropomyosin: protein bound to troponin and covers myosin binding sites myosin: thick filament |
|
|
what are the 3 ions involved with muscle contractions? |
Na+ K+ Ca2+ used to uncover the troponin binding sites |
|
|
what are myofilaments? |
contractile proteins myosin(thick) actin(thin) |
|
|
motor unit |
one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it on average 200 muscle fibers innervated by 1 motor unit |
|
|
multiunit smooth muscle |
occurs in largest arteries, pulmonary air passages muscles fibers are associated with a motor unit and respond independently |
|
|
single-unit smooth muscle |
occurs in most blood vessels, digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract large number of cells contract as a single unit through gap junctions |
|
|
what are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system? |
central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
|
central nervous system |
brain and spinal cord |
|
|
peripheral nervous system |
composed of nerves and ganglia nerves extend out into appendages and organs. provides sensory input and motor outputs |
|
|
what is a ganglion? |
a swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated |
|
|
what are the four types of neuroglia in the cns? |
oligodendrocytes-form myelin sheaths ependymal cells- line internal cavities of the brain & secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluis csf microglia- small, wandering macrophages, help clean csf astrocytes- have perivascular feet that contact blood capillaries. form the blood- brain barrier |
|
|
what are the two types of neuroglia in the pns? |
schwann cells- produce a myelin sheath similar to the onez produced by oligodendrocytes in cns satellite cells- surround the neurosomas in ganglia of he pns. provide electrical insulation around the soma |
|
|
what are the major portions of brain? |
cerebrum- 83% of brain volume cerebellum-50% of the neurons; second largest region brainstem (brainstem)- diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
|
|
what separates the cerebrum into the two hemispheres? |
longitudinal fissure |
|
|
what is the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for |
mood, emotion, voluntary motor function |
|
|
what is the parietal lobe of the brain responsible for |
interpreting of general senses |
|
|
what is the temporal lobe responsible for |
special senses, emotion |
|
|
what is the occipital lobe responsible for |
visual center |
|
|
what is the insula responsible for |
understanding spoken language |
|
|
what connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum? |
vermis |
|
|
in a sagittal section, what does the white matter exhibits a fern structure called what? |
arbor vitae |
|
|
how many brain neurons are in the cerebellum? |
100 billion |
|
|
cerebellum |
monitors motor control and sensory input highly active when touching an object |
|
|
what is the timekeeper of the body and spatial reasoning come from? |
cerebellum |
|
|
what are the cerebellar peduncles? |
inferior peduncles--> medulla oblongata middle peduncles--> pons superior peduncles--> midbrain |
|
|
In September 2014, a Chinese woman was born without what? |
cerebellum. was diagnosed at 24. had bouts of dizziness and motor problems all her life |
|
|
What does the diencephalon control? |
body temp, reproductive functions |
|
|
what does the midbrain control? |
plays a role in visual and auditory stimuli recognition. moving head when you see something in your peripheral vision or hear something |
|
|
what does the pons control? |
sleep cycles, posture and respiratory |
|
|
what does the medulla oblongata control? |
motor and sensory function. hearing, taste, touch, temp salivating, vomiting, speech and couching |
|
|
what nerves are classified as sensory? |
I,II,VII |
|
|
what nerves are classified as motor? |
III,IV,VI,XI,XII |
|
|
what nerves are classified as sensory and motor? |
V,VII,IX,X |
|
|
what only two nerves are purely sensory? |
I & II |
|
|
Olfactory nerve |
only nerve which are exposed to environment are replaced every 60 days. only nerves to be replaced |
|
|
what are the four different types of papillae are on the tongue? |
filiform papillae: no taste buds and give sense of food texture foliate papillae: parallel ridge on sides of tongue adjacent to premolars and molars fungiform papillae: shaped like mushrooms. widely distributed but connected on apex curcumvallate (vallate) papillae: large, in v shape at back of tongue |
|
|
taste |
salty sweet sour bitter umami-meaty |
|
|
middle ear infections impact? |
amplification/transduction of sound via pressure on the ossicles and round window |
|
|
dynamic equilibrium |
In utricle, linear acceleration detected as macula utriculi lags behind
Because macula sacculi is nearly vertical, it responds to verticalacceleration and deceleration |
|
|
what detects rotary movements |
three semicircular ducts |
|
|
what is fills each duct in the ear |
endolymph |
|
|
each ampulla contains what? |
crista ampullaris- mound of hair cells and supporting cells |
|
|
what are the tunic layers in the eye? |
fiberous (sclera, cornea) uvea (choroid, ciliary body, iris) inner (retina, and beginning of optic nerve) |
|
|
what structures of the eye is a optical component? |
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor |
|
|
what structure of the eye is a neural component? |
retina & optic nerve |
|
|
what structure of the eye can be separated if a blow to the head occured |
retina |
|
|
what is the percentage of red-green colorblindness in males and females |
males: 8% females: .5% |
|
|
colorblindness |
Inheritedin a X linked recessive pattern |
|
|
Pulmonary circuit |
right side of heart right atrium & ventricle pumps partially deoxygenated blood to lungs. picks up O2 and off gasses CO2 Low pressure system only pumps blood to lungs so it has thin myocardium |
|
|
Systemic circuit |
left side of heart left atrium & ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to entire body, head & heart. Supplies tissues with O2 high pressure system pumps blood to extremities & back to heart |
|
|
Which side is more critical is partial heart failure happens? |
Left side of the heart |
|
|
what are the pericardial layers? |
parietal & visceral pericardium |
|
|
What pericardium anchors to the diaphragm and major vessels? |
parietal pericardium |
|
|
What pericardium is associated with the myocardium? |
Visceral pericardium |
|
|
What does the pericardial cavity do? |
lubricates the heart |
|
|
what is pericarditis? |
where you have swelling and irritation of the pericardium. causes chest pain |
|
|
Blood Flow |
venous return enters right atrium gravity flow to right ventricle through tricuspid valve right ventricle contracts (tricuspid valve shuts) blood flows to pulmonary trunk through pulmonary semilunar valve enters right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs blood returns to left atrium through pulmonary flows to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve left ventricle contracts (bicuspid shuts) blood flows to aorta through the aortic semilunar valve then to the entire body |
|
|
What are valves in the heart? |
fibrous, endothelial lined cusps prevent backflow passively opened and closed ventricular pressure dictates (open/close) |
|
|
What is the lub dub sound coming from in the heart? |
opening and closing of the valves |
|
|
What happens when ventricles are relaxed? |
Av valves are open atrial pressure> ventricle pressure semilunars are closed pulmonary and aorta pressure > ventricle pressure |
|
|
What happens when ventricles contract? |
AV valves are closed ventricle pressure> atrial pressure semilunars are open ventricle pressure> pulmonary and aorta pressure |
|
|
What are the heart strings? |
Chordae tendineae |
|
|
What does the chordae tendinaea and papillary muscles do? |
prevent valves from prolapsing |
|
|
What is a heart murmur? |
valves that are prolapsing |
|
|
What is a myocardial infarction? |
Heart attack- clot or fat ischemic tissue goes necrotic anastomoses- connection of 2 arteries |
|
|
what supplies blood to the myocardium? |
right and left coronary arteries |
|
|
What only fills during diastole (relaxed)? |
arteries |
|
|
What is the electrical conduction in the heart? |
1. SA node fires 2. excitation spreads through atrial myocardium 3. AV node fires 4. excitation spreads down AV bundle 5. Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium |
|
|
Does the heart beat if all nervous innervation was served as long as it had adequate blood supply? |
yes |
|
|
what are the three types of arteries |
conducting distributing resistance |
|
|
compare arteries to veins |
increased smooth muscle --> regulate BP elastic --> withstand more force & recoil without damage |
|
|
What is the largest arteries? |
conducting |
|
|
What types of arteries are conducting? |
aorta, pulmonary, subclavian |
|
|
conducting arteries |
very elastic walls protects entire system from damage property lessens with age |
|
|
Distributing arteries |
smaller than conducting very muscular, less elastic capable of constriction and dilation alters major blood flow patterns redistributes blood volume |
|
|
what types of arteries are distributing? |
femoral, renal, hepatic, brachial |
|
|
Resistance arteries |
smaller arteries to arterioles muscular but not elastic major site of blood pressure drop preps blood to capillary low pressure -low flow rate |
|
|
Capillaries |
exchange site of circulatory system millions perfuse entire body most cells <80 um away ideal structure for exchange thin walls --> maximizes diffusion small lumen--> about 1 RBC in diameter large surface area --> 6,300 m^2 |
|
|
What does blood provide to capillaries? |
O2, nutrient, ions, hormones |
|
|
What does tissue in the capillaries use to clear blood of? |
CO2, nitrogenous waste, heat |
|
|
veins |
get larger as blood moves away from capillary expand to accommodate pressure & volume changes 1-way valves prevent backflow prevent pooling |
|
|
what are varicose veins |
pooling of blood --> faulty valves |
|
|
functions of the respiratory system |
•Gas exchange: O2àCO2
•Communication: Laughing, Crying, voice •Olfaction: houses cranial nerve 1 •Acid-Base Balance: controls body Ph by elimination CO2 •Regulates BP: synthesizes angiotensin II •Expels abdominal contents: By holding breath you help with urination,defecation and childbirth |
|
|
Conducting division of the lungs |
no gas exchange 1° bronchi --> 2° bronchi --> 3° bronchi 3 ° bronchi --> bronchioles terminal bronchioles 65,000 in total have smooth muscle |
|
|
Respiratory division of the lungs |
•Wheregas exchange occurs
•Respiratorybronchioles–2-3 per term. bronchiole–2-10 alveolar ducts per •Alveolarducts–Terminate at alveolar sacs–150,000,000 in total–SA = 70 m² |
|
|
Alveolar sacs |
•MultipleAlveoli–Surrounded by capillaries
•Bloodand air separated by:–Respiratory membrane–Basement membrane–Capillary wall •Totalthickness = 0.5 µm |
|
|
Mechanics of ventilation |
•Lunglacks skeletal muscle
–Cannot expand or contract itself •Relieson expansion of thoracic cavity –diaphragmmuscle –external/internalintercostal muscles •Lungexpands with thoracic cavity due to: –Visceral pleura – surrounds lung –Parietal pleura – lines ribcage •These cling together -> intrapleural space –Pneumothorax – increased pressure in intrapleural space due to air leak --> 1cause of a collapsed lung |
|
|
What is dead air in the lungs? |
inspired air that has not reaches the alveoli |
|
|
Dead space |
•Anatomical Dead Space -->conductingdivision
–500 mL inspired = 150 mL (conduct) + 350 mL (resp) •Physiological Dead Space --> –Respiratorydivision tissue that is incapable of gas exchange •Lackof perfusion --> blood clot •Edema --> limits diffusion of O2 dueto reduced solubility in water |
|
|
What does carbohydrates turn into when broken down? |
glucose |
|
|
What does protein turn into when broken down?
|
amino acids |
|
|
What does lipids turn into when broken down?
|
fatty acids and monoglycerides |
|
|
what is digestion? |
breakdown of food |
|
|
what is ingestion? |
intake of food |
|
|
What is mechanical digestion? |
physical breakdown of food |
|
|
What is chemical digestion? |
series of chemical reactions break macronutruents into molecules |
|
|
what is absorption? |
uptake of nutrients to blood/lymph |
|
|
what is compaction? |
absorbing water and consolidating of indigestible into feces |
|
|
what is defecation? |
elimination of feces |
|
|
what are the three types of extrinsic glands? |
parotid: 1° serous acini shaped like a berry (exocrine) amylase and electrolytes submandibular: bother serous and mucus acini sublingual: 1° mucus acini saliva |
|
|
stomach |
•Begins chemical digestion ofproteins and lipids
–Pepsin and Gastric lipase (op @ pH2) •Smooth muscle --> mechanical digestion •Both result in production of chyme–Liquefied food ready for entry intosm. intestine–Still not fully digested |
|
|
what does the liver produce? |
bile salts and pigments that is stored in the gall bladder |
|
|
what does bile salts do when released into the duodenum? |
emulsify lipids increase SA improve digestion |
|
|
Pancreas |
•Exocrine & Endocrine gland
–Exocrine component is key todigestion •Bicarbonate (HCO3-)--> neutralize chyme•A suite of digestive enzymes |
|
|
what does the small intestine do? |
chemical digestion nutrient absorption |
|
|
what does the large intestine do? |
water/material absorption bacterial digestion cellulose |
|
|
what does the saliva release to digest food? |
amylase |
|
|
what does the stomach release to digest food? |
pepsin |
|
|
what does the liver release to digest food? |
bile salts |
|
|
what does the small intestine release to digest food? |
lipase |
|
|
what is involved with the kidneys? |
water balance ion balance pH regulation elimination of metabolic waste |
|
|
where does filtration in the kidney occur |
renal corpuscle removes some water and small molecules |
|
|
what is the second process of the nephron? |
reasborption back into blood nutrients and ions at proximal and distal convoluted tubules . water at collecting duct/tubule |
|
|
what is the first process of the nephron? |
filtration of blood plasma |
|
|
What does the nephron filtrate: |
H2O Na+ Cl- HCO3- Glucose amino acid creatinine urea |
|
|
what does the nephron excrete: |
H2O NaCl K+ HCO3- Creatinine urea |
|
|
what are the primary sex organs? |
gonads; testes or ovaries produce gametes; sperm or egg |
|
|
what are the secondary sex organs? |
male- system of ducts, glands, penis female- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina |
|
|
where does sperm production occur? |
seminiferous tubules |
|
|
where does sperm mature? |
epididymis can stay there from 40-60 days |
|
|
what is the muscular tube that transports sperm? |
Ductus deferens |
|
|
where do sperm develop |
testes |
|
|
what are the 3 glandular secretion comprise semen? |
seminal vesicle (fructose) prostate gland (basic pH) Bulbourethral (cowpers) gland |
|
|
What is the area the ductus deferens and urethra meet? |
ejaculatory duct |
|
|
what is the perimetrium? |
external serosa layer |
|
|
what is the myometrium? |
middle muscular layer mainly smooth muscle produces labor contractions which is positive feedback |
|
|
what is the endometrium? |
inner mucosa simple glandular columnar epithelium partially sloughed each menstrual cycle attachment site of embryo |
|
|
what is the 4 recognizable phases of sexual response? |
excitement plateau orgasm resolutin |
|
|
what are the anatomical change during orgasm in males? |
lasts 3-15 seconds heart rate, blood pressure, breathing greatly elevated ejaculation and orgasm con occur separately |
|
|
what are the anatomical change during orgasm in females? |
Excitement and Plateau
–Labia minora become congested with blood and often protrude beyond labia majora –Labia majora become reddened and enlarged •Then flatten and spread away from vaginal orifice –Greater vestibular gland secretions moistenthe vestibule and provide lubrication–Lower one-third of vagina constricts: orgasmic platform •Narrower canal and vaginal rugae enhance stimulation and help induce orgasm in both partners •Tentingeffect: uterus stands nearly vertical, where normally it tilts forward over thebladder –Orgasm: intense sensation spreading from clitoris through the pelvis •Between50-67% women fake it but 25% of men report fake it as well (Muehlenhard & Shippee, 2010). –Sometimeswith pelvic throbbing and a spreading sense of warmth –Pelvicplatform gives three to five strong contractions about 0.8 sec apart –Cervixplunges spasmodically into vagina (UpSuck Theory) •Uterusexhibits peristaltic contraction –Paraurethral glands (homologous to prostate)sometimes expel copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid (female ejaculation) –Tachycardia, hyperventilation –Sometimes women experience reddish, rash-like flush on the lower abdomen, chest, neck, and face |
