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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the skeletal system (6): |
Support Protection Aid in Movement Mineral storage and release Blood cell production Triglyceride storage |
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Types of bones (shape) |
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid Sutural (classified by location, not shape) |
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Diaphysis of the bone |
Shaft or body; long, cylindrical, main portion of bone |
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Epiphyses |
Proximal and distal ends of bone |
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Metaphyses |
Regions between diaphysis and epiphyses; in growing bone, contains epiphyseal plate. |
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Articular cartilage |
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where bone forms articulation with another bone |
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Periosteum |
Tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds bone surface where it is not surrounded by articular cartilage. |
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Medullary Cavity |
Marrow cavity; hollow cylindrical space within diaphysis that contains fatty, yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults. |
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Endosteum |
Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity; contains single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue. |
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Fissure |
Narrow slits between adjacent parts of bone where blood vessels and nerves pass |
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Foramen |
Hole; opening where blood vessels, nerve, and ligaments pass |
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Fossa |
Trench: Shallow depression |
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Sulcus |
Groove; furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, or tendons |
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Meatus |
Passageway; Tubelike opening |
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Condyle |
Knuckle; Large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of a bone. |
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Facet |
Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface |
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Head |
Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone |
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Epicondyle |
Typically roughened projection above a condyle |
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Line |
Long, narrow ridge or border (e.g. Linea aspera of the femur) |
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Crest |
Prominent ridge or elongated (e.g, Iliac crest) |
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Trochanter |
Very large projection |
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Tubercle |
Knob; Variable sized rounded projection |
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Tuberosity |
Variable sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface |
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Hydroxyapatite |
Crystals; Mineral components of bone combined with other mineral salts (calcium carbonate) and ions (magnesium, fluoride, potassium, and sulfate) that is deposited in the framework formed by collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix, later to crystallize, causing calcification. |
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Calcification |
Tissue hardening |
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Osteogenic cells |
Unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme. |
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Osteoblasts |
Bone-building cells; synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build extracellular matrix of bone tissue, and initiate calcification. *Does not undergo cell division |
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Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells; main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism (exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood). *Does not undergo cell division |
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Osteoclasts |
Huge cells derived from the fusion of many as 50 monocytes (white blood cell). Has plasma membrane deeply folded into ruffled border on bone surface facing side. Releases powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of underlying extracellular matrix of bone (resorption) |
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Ossification |
Bone formation. |
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Types of ossification of bone |
Intramembranous-formed from mesenchyme (from scratch); Only Irregular, flat, and short bones. Endochondral-develop intially from hyaline cartilage; begins forming late in 2nd month of human development-continues into adulthood |
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Compact bone |
"Cortical" or "dense" Surface of bone; can extend deeper into bone Makes up bulk of diaphysis |
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Spongy bone |
"trabecular" or "cencellous" Interior of bone; covered by compact bone comsists of lamellae |
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Characteristics of long bone |
Greater length than width; consists of diaphysis and variable number of epiphyses. Slightly curved for strength; mostly compact bone |
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Characteristics of short bone |
Somewhat cube-shape and nearly equal in length, width, and depth. e.g. most carpal and most tarsal |
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Characteristics of Flat bone |
Generally thin and compose of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone. *In cranial bones, the spongy is referred to as diploe. e.g. cranial, sternum, ribs |
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Characteristics of Irregular bone |
Complex shapes; vary in amount of compact and spongy bone |
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Characteristics of sesamoid bone |
Shaped like a sesame seed; Develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, compression, and physical stress |
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Growth Hormone effect on bone growth |
Stimulates epiphyseal plates |