Human Anatomy And Physiology Ch. 3 & 4

Front 1

What is the cell?

Back 1

The basic unit of structure and function in the human body

Front 2

Nerve Cells

Back 2

have long extensions, transmit impulses, and respond to stimuli

Front 3

Types of Cells (5)

Back 3

nerve, muscle, red blood cells, gland cells, immune cells

Front 4

Plasma membrane

Back 4

surrounds the cell. separates the contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

Front 5

Cytoplasm

Back 5

gel like substance inside cell composed of organelles in cytosol

Front 6

Cytosol

Back 6

watery fluid inside a cell

Front 7

Nucleus

Back 7

large membranous structure in the center of the cell

Front 8

Membrane proteins

Back 8

control what goes through membrane; embedded in phospholipid bilayer

Front 9

Channel proteins

Back 9

allow transport of molecules from one place to another; a protein

Front 10

Receptor proteins

Back 10

in the presence of hormones, trigger metabolic changes in cell

Front 11

Enzyme molecules

Back 11

regulate metabolic reactions

Front 12

Glycoproteins

Back 12

decipher normal from abnormal cells; allow body to attack cancer or bacterial cells

Front 13

Membranous organelles

Back 13

made of the same membrane material as the plasma membrane

Front 14

Non-membranous organelles

Back 14

made of microscopic filaments

Front 15

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 15

miniature circulatory system of cell; membranous; sacs arranged in parallel rows

Front 16

Types of ER

Back 16

rough and smooth

Front 17

Rough ER

Back 17

lined with ribosomes; proteins are made and transported here

Front 18

Smooth ER

Back 18

makes lipids that form cell membranes

Front 19

Ribosome

Back 19

only non-membranous organelle; is the protein factory of cell

Front 20

Golgi Apparatus

Back 20

membranous; contains cisternae; processes and packages materials to leave cell

Front 21

Cisternae

Back 21

tiny sacs stacked on each other in Golgi Apparatus near nucleus

Front 22

Lysosomes

Back 22

membranous;digest and destroy microbes invading the cell

Front 23

Peroxisomes

Back 23

membranous;contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances; in kidney and liver cells

Front 24

Mitochondria

Back 24

membranous; make ATP; provide energy to be used in cell

Front 25

ATP

Back 25

adenosine triphosphate; energy

Front 26

What does it mean if a cell does a lot of work?

Back 26

there are lots of mitochondria in its cytoplasm

Front 27

Nucleus

Back 27

made up mostly by DNA; spherical in shape; has 2 membranes

Front 28

Nuclear envelope

Back 28

membranes around nucleus

Front 29

Nuclear pores

Back 29

numerous pores of the nucleus

Front 30

Nucleoplasm

Back 30

describes the nuclear substance; DNA is in this

Front 31

Chromatin

Back 31

DNA granules within the nucleus in NONDIVIDING stage; chroma=color which means readily takes colors of dyes

Front 32

Chromosomes

Back 32

DNA that is tightly coiled during cell division that are short and rod-like

Front 33

How many chromosomes do normal cells have?

Back 33

46

Front 34

How many chromosomes do sex cells have?

Back 34

23

Front 35

DNA molecules

Back 35

contain master code for making all enzymes and proteins of cell

Front 36

Nucleolus

Back 36

small and non-membranous; composed of RNA; makes rRNA and forms ribosomes when combined with protein

Front 37

Cytoskeleton

Back 37

framework of cell that provides support and allows movement; made of rod-like pieces and muscle-like fibers

Front 38

Microfilaments

Back 38

smallest cell fibers "cellular muscles"

Front 39

Microvilli

Back 39

found in intestines; allow increased surface area for faster absorbtion

Front 40

Cilia

Back 40

tiny hair-like projections; move material and mucus; found in respiratory tract and reproductive tract

Front 41

Flagella

Back 41

used for cellular locomotion; ONLY in sperm cells

Front 42

Desmosomes

Back 42

hold skin cells tightly together

Front 43

Gap junctions

Back 43

form tunnels that join cytoplasm of 2 cells and fuse 2 plasma membranes into one structure

Front 44

Tight junctions

Back 44

line the intestines; like a six pack of cans

Front 45

Passive transport processes

Back 45

do not require any energy

Front 46

Active transport

Back 46

require atp from cell, pulled across membrane

Front 47

Diffusion

Back 47

passive process, small particles spread out evenly within any given space, produces an equilibrium

Front 48

Molecules move...

Back 48

from high concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient

Front 49

Concentration gradient

Back 49

a measurable difference in concentration from one area to another

Front 50

Equilibrium

Back 50

balanced state of molecules of a substance on both sides of a membrane

Front 51

Dialysis

Back 51

separation of smaller solute particles form larger solute particles

Front 52

____ are particles dissolved in a ____ forming a mixture called a ____

Back 52

solutes, solvent, solution

Front 53

Osmosis

Back 53

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, does not allow solutes

Front 54

Isotonic

Back 54

equilibrium of water across a cell membrane, same osmotic pressure

Front 55

Hypertonic

Back 55

more solvent outside the cell than in, causing the cell to shrivel up

Front 56

Hypotonic

Back 56

more solvent inside the cell than outside, causing the cell to get larger, maybe even burst

Front 57

Facilitated diffusion

Back 57

diffusion of molecules through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule; passive transport

Front 58

Filtration

Back 58

passive; water and permeable solutes move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane.

Front 59

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 59

force, or weight of a fluid pushing against a surface

Front 60

Active transport

Back 60

carrier mediated process; low concentration to high; requires ATP

Front 61

Endocytosis and exocytosis require ________ and allow??

Back 61

metabolic energy of cell; substances to enter or leave cell without moving thorugh plasma membrane

Front 62

Endocytosis

Back 62

traps material and brings it into the cell without moving through its cell membrane

Front 63

types of endocytosis

Back 63

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Front 64

phagocytosis

Back 64

cell eating

Front 65

Pinocytosis

Back 65

cell drinking

Front 66

Catabolism

Back 66

breaks larger molecules into smaller ones, producing energy

Front 67

Anabolism

Back 67

builds large molecules from small ones; requires energy;central anabolic pathway is protein synthesis

Front 68

Enzymes

Back 68

regulate cell metabolism; chemical catalysts; lock and key

Front 69

substrate

Back 69

molecule being acted on by the enzyme molecule

Front 70

Cellular respiration

Back 70

example of cell catabolism; glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water; released energy is changed to heat and ATP.

Front 71

Glycolysis

Back 71

does not require oxygen; anaerobic; glucose is broken into pyruvic acid molecules to yield a small amount of energy

Front 72

Lactic acid

Back 72

formed when pyruvic acid does not have enough energy to continue on to the citric acid cycle

Front 73

Citric acid cycle

Back 73

repeating sequence of reactions that occur in mitochondria

Front 74

DNA

Back 74

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 75

obligatory base-pairing

Back 75

the same 2 bases pair off with each other in DNA molecule

Front 76

codon

Back 76

a sequence of base pairs forms a code word or triplet

Front 77

Transcription

Back 77

double strands separate in DNA and RNA nucleotide pair with DNA nucleotide;synthesis of mRNA molecules within the nucleus

Front 78

Translation

Back 78

synthesis of polypeptide chains at ribosome in response to info contained in mRNA

Front 79

anticodon

Back 79

contains 3 bases that complement one mRNA codon

Front 80

Cytokinesis

Back 80

splitting the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two

Front 81

Mitosis

Back 81

organizing and distribution nuclear DNA; cell division of non sex cells

Front 82

PMAT

Back 82

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Front 83

interphase

Back 83

growth phase between cell divisions

Front 84

Meiosis

Back 84

reduction division, gametes are produced from primitive sex cells

Front 85

zygote

Back 85

1st cell of human offspring

Front 86

hypertrophy

Back 86

increase in cell size

Front 87

atrophy

Back 87

decrease in cell size

Front 88

neoplasm

Back 88

tumor or abnormal growth; benign or malignant

Front 89

hyperplasia

Back 89

excessive cell reproductions

Front 90

benign

Back 90

tumor that doesnt metastasize

Front 91

malignant

Back 91

tumor that does metastasize

Front 92

anaplasia

Back 92

cells change orientation to each other and fail to mature properly

Front 93

dysplasia

Back 93

change in shape size or organization of cells in tissue; associated with neoplasms

Front 94

necrosis

Back 94

death of cells in tissue due to an injury or pathological condition

Front 95

Apoptosis

Back 95

cell suicide

Front 96

cystic fibrosis

Back 96

thick mucus secretions in the lungs

Front 97

duchenne muscular dystrophy

Back 97

leaky membranes in muscle cells trigger chemical reactions that destroy muscle causing paralysis

Front 98

type 2 diabetes

Back 98

cellular response to obesity; cells become less sensitive to insulin; cells starve for glucose