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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define matter.
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Anything that takes up space and has mass
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What are the three states of matter?
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Gas, liquid, solid
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Define energy.
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The capacity to do work
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What are the two most basic forms of energy -- one form is essentially stored energy, the other is active energy.
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Kinetic energy and potential energy
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What four forms of energy do you generally discuss in anatomy and physiology?
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1) Chemical
2) Electrical 3) Mechanical 4) Radiant (electromagnetic) |
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Can energy be destroyed?
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Nope.
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When energy is converted from one form to another, some of the energy is "lost" as what kind of energy?
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Heat
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What do you call a unique substance that cannot be further broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods?
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Element
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What are the four primary elements that compose the human body?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
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What's the name of the standard chart that displays all the elements, organized in such a way that elements with similar chemical properties share a column?
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Periodic Table
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What is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the element's physical and chemical properties?
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Atom
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How do physical properties and chemical properties of an element differ?
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Chemical properties describe the way atoms interact with one another (bonding and chemical reactions), whereas physical properties are those that we can see, taste, and feel.
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What's the term for the one or two letter symbol that represents an element?
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Atomic Symbol
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What are the chemical symbols for Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen? How about Potassium? Sodium?
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C, H, O, N.
K, Na. |
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What are the three basic subatomic particles?
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Proton, neutron, electron.
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Which is the lightest of the three basic subatomic particles?
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Electron
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A neutron weighs about the same as a proton. How much does one of these particles weigh?
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1 amu (atomic mass unit)
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Why do different elements have different properties?
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This is due to different numbers of electrons, protons and neutrons.
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There's a number that corresponds to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. What's it called?
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Atomic number. Also, the atomic number will tell you the number of electrons present in an atom in its natural, unadulterated state.
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What does an element's mass number tell us?
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the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
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What's an isotope?
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A structural variation on an element that contains a different amount of neutrons.
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What do you call the number that is defined by the average of the mass numbers of every isotope of an element, weighted according to abundance in nature?
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Atomic weight
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What's a radioisotope?
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It's a radioactive isotope of an element that decomposes rapidly into more stable forms. Sometimes, a radioisotope of one element can even decay into a totally different element. For example, Uranium-239 decays into a form of Neptunium, then into a form of Plutonium.
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What's a half life?
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It's the time it takes for a radioisotope to lose one half of its activity.
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What's the term for more than one atom bound together chemically?
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Molecule
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When a molecule contains atoms of different elements, the resulting substance is a ____.
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Compound
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What do you call a combination of one or more elements or compounds physically intermixed with no chemical bond?
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Mixture
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What are the three types of mixtures?
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Solutions, suspensions, colloids
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In a solution, what are solutes and solvents?
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Solute: The more abundant component.
Solvent: The lest abundant component. |
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What's another word for colloid?
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Emulsion
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What's a suspension?
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A heterogeneous mixture in which the components will settle out in time.
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What are the three main differences between compounds and mixtures?
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1) Mixtures display NO chemical bonds, and the constituent components retain their physical properties.
2) Mixtures can be separated into constituent components by physical means (straining, filtering, etc.), compounds can't. 3) Compounds are never heterogeneous, though mixtures often are. |
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What is the maximum of electron shells that an atom can contain?
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7
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What's the octet rule?
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Unless an atom only has one electron shell, it will typically react with other atoms so that its valence shell contains 8 electrons.
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What's a valence shell?
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The outermost shell of an atom.
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What kind of bond results when two atoms completely exchange electrons?
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Ionic bond
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What do you call the atom that gives up an electron (is now positively charged)? And the one that gains an electron (that's now negatively charged)?
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Cation, Anion
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Salts are generally ____ compounds.
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Ionic
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In a dry state, ionic compounds generally don't exist as solitary molecules. Instead, they form ____.
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Crystals
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When molecules are created by atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons, they form a ____ bond.
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Covalent (single covalent, if there's one pair being shared, and double or triple covalent if two or three pairs of electrons are being shared).
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When a molecule has unequal electrical charges at opposing ends, we call the resulting compound a ___ compound.
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Polar
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What's a hydrogen bond?
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it's a weak bond resulting from the attraction between an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom being attracted by another electron-hungry atom. Too weak to form a molecule, but binds molecules together.
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Whenever chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged, what is the result?
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Chemical reaction
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What kind of chemical reaction results when two molecules combine to form a bigger, more complex molecule?
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Synthesis reaction
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What kind of chemical reaction results when a molecule is broken down into constituent parts?
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Decomposition reaction
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What kind of chemical reaction occurs when molecules are combined and both synthesis and decomposition occur, resulting in atoms "changing partners" and forming different compounds?
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Exchange (displacement) reaction
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In a living system, there are reactions that involve compounds combining, swapping electrons, and resulting in several products including ATP. What are they called?
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Oxidation-Reduction reactions (Redox)
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In a redox reaction, the "electron donor" is said to be ____, while the "electron acceptor" is referred to as ____.
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Oxidized, reduced
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What do you call a chemical reaction that gives off energy?
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Exergonic
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What do you call a chemical reaction that absorbs energy?
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Endergonic
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What four factors influence the speed of chemical reactions?
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1) Concentration
2) Temperature 3) Presence of catalysts 4) Particle size |
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What is the most abundant and important compound in living material?
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H20, or Water
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What are the five characteristics of water that make it unique and important?
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1) High specific heat
2) High vaporization temperature 3) Polar solvent properties 4) Reactivity 5) Cushioning |
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Salts are _____, meaning that they conduct electricity in a solution.
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Electrolytes
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Acids are compounds that give off ____.
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Protons (in the form of hydrogen ions, which are essentially just naked protons)
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____ are compounds that readily take up protons in the form of hydrogen ions.
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Bases
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What is pH?
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A measure of acidity. Measured in concentration of hydrogen ions. The more hydrogen ions, the more acidic something is, and the lower pH it has.
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When acids and bases combine and form water, it's called a _____ reaction.
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Neutralization
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What's a buffer?
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It's a substance inside the body that maintains a specific pH by giving off hydrogen ions when the pH starts rising too high, and takes up hydrogen ions when the pH starts to fall below a certain threshold.
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Why is carbon so important to organic systems?
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It is perfectly electroneutral -- it always shares electrons. It can bind to a lot of different kinds of atoms!
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What's an organic compound that contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, and in which the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is about 2:1?
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Carbohydrate
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What are the three kinds of carbohydrates when classified by size and solubility?
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Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
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Why are carbohydrates so important?
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They provide the body with easy energy
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Lipids have a much lower concentration of ____ than carbohydrates.
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Oxygen
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What's another name for a neutral fat?
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Triglyceride
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What are the two components of a triglyceride?
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fatty acid and glycerol, in a 3:1 ratio.
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Saturated fats are ___ at room temperature, and unsaturated fats are ___ at room temperature
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solid, liquid
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Trans fats are created by the addition of ____ to an oil, helping it solidify.
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Hydrogen
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Phospholipids contain two fatty acid chains (as opposed to the three of triglycerides), and one _____-containing group.
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Phosphorous
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What kind of lipid is cholesterol?
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Steroid
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What lipids are derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid?
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Eicosanoids
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Amino acids
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What kind of bond holds amino acids together to form a protein?
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Peptide bond
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What type of synthesis combines amino acids and creates peptide bonds?
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Dehydration synthesis
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How many amino acids are there?
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20
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What type of protein is very stable and exists in a multitude of forms that provide stability and structure to cells and tissues?
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Fibrous (structural) protein
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What type of proteins are generally compact, chemically active, and water-soluble?
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Globular (functional) proteins
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When hydrogen bonds are broken in a protein, changing its form and function, the protein is said to be ____.
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Denatured
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What type of protein prevents other proteins from denaturing under stress and guides other proteins in folding?
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Molecular chaperons (chaperonins)
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What type of protein generally acts as a biological catalyst?
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Enzyme
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
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DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) and RNA (ribose nucleic acid)
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What is the 'building block' of DNA called?
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Nucleotide
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What are the three components of a nucleotide?
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phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogen base
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What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA? And the four found in RNA?
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DNA - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
RNA- Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine |
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What molecule is the most basic form of energy in an organic system?
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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What is ATP made up of?
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it's essentially an adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups attached.
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What term describes a high hydrogen ion concentration in the blood, or pH of the blood dipping below 7.35?
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Acidosis
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What term describes a low hydrogen ion concentration in the blood, or pH of the blood rising above 7.45?
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Alkalosis
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What term describes metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury -- metals that can be harmful to the body?
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Heavy metals
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What term describes a form of acidosis caused by fat breakdown, common in diabetes mellitus and starvation?
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Ketosis
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