Human Anatomy And Phisiology - Marieb - Chapter 11

Front 1

What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system?

Back 1

Sensory input, integration, motor output

Front 2

What are the two major parts of the nervous system?

Back 2

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 3

What does the CNS consist of?

Back 3

Brain and spinal cord

Front 4

What does the PNS consist of?

Back 4

The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Front 5

What are the two functional subdivisions of the PNS?

Back 5

The sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions.

Front 6

What are the two major components of the motor division of the PNS?

Back 6

Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

Front 7

Which component of the motor division of the PNS is under conscious control?

Back 7

Somatic nervous system

Front 8

Which component of the motor division of the PNS is under involuntary control?

Back 8

Autonomic nervous system

Front 9

What are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 9

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Front 10

What are the two principal cell types that make up all of the cellular space in the nervous system?

Back 10

Nerves and Neuroglia (helper cells)

Front 11

How much of the nervous system is extracellular space?

Back 11

20%

Front 12

What are the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system?

Back 12

1) Astrocytes
2) Microglia
3) Ependymal cells
4) Oligodendrocytes

Front 13

Which glial cells (neuroglia) in the CNS are the most abundant and versatile? They support nerve structure, mop up leaked potassium ions, guide young neurons, and even communicate using calcium sparks.

Back 13

Astrocytes

Front 14

Which glial cells (neuroglia) in the CNS have thorny processes and monitor the health of neurons, transforming into macrophages when necessary?

Back 14

Microglia

Front 15

Which glial cells (neuroglia) in the CNS are often ciliated, range in shape from columnar to squamous, and assist with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 15

Ependymal cells

Front 16

Which glial cells (neuroglia) in the CNS line thicker nerve fibers and create myelin sheaths (and remember, myelinated nerves create white matter, unmyelinated nerves create gray matter)

Back 16

Oligodendrocytes

Front 17

What are the two types of neuroglia (glial cells, helper cells) found in the PNS?

Back 17

Satellite cells, Schwann cells

Front 18

Which type of neuroglia (glial cell) in the PNS creates the myelin sheaths that encompass most axons?

Back 18

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

Front 19

Which type of the neuroglia (glial cell) in the PNS surround nerve cell bodies but have undetermined function?

Back 19

Satellite cells

Front 20

What three characteristics make neurons extremely unique?

Back 20

1) Extreme longevity (one cell can live 100 years or more)
2) Extremely high metabolic rate (require tons of energy)
3) Amitotic (they don't divide)

Front 21

What are two other names for a nerve cell body?

Back 21

Soma (most common), Perikarion

Front 22

Neurons have extremely effective and well developed protein- and membrane- making machinery. What two components make it up?

Back 22

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes

Front 23

Neurons have extremely effective and well developed protein- and membrane- making machinery. What are two names given to this machinery?

Back 23

Nissl bodies, chromatophillic substance

Front 24

What type of organelle is conspicuously absent form a neuron?

Back 24

Centriole

Front 25

Microtubules and ______ create and maintain the structure of the cell body.

Back 25

Neurofibrils

Front 26

What two parts of the neuron generally compose the receptive region?

Back 26

Axons, plasma membrane of soma

Front 27

Most neuron cell bodies are contained in the ____.

Back 27

CNS

Front 28

Clusters of cell bodies inside the PNS are called ____.

Back 28

Ganglia (singular: Ganglion)

Front 29

Clusters of cell bodies inside the CNS are called ____/

Back 29

Nuclei

Front 30

Bundles of neurons are called _____ in the PNS.

Back 30

Nerves

Front 31

Bundles of neurons are called _____ in the CNS.

Back 31

Tracts

Front 32

What are the two types of neural processes?

Back 32

Axons and dendrites

Front 33

The PNS is composed mostly of neural _____.

Back 33

Processes

Front 34

What type of nerve process is short, tapering, branching, abundant and receptive?

Back 34

Dendrite

Front 35

What would you call the sharp, thorny process at the end of a dendrite that forms one side of a neural synapse?

Back 35

Dendritic spine

Front 36

What type of potential do dendrites generally receive?

Back 36

Graded potential

Front 37

How many axons does a neuron have?

Back 37

1

Front 38

What's a name for a long axon?

Back 38

Nerve fiber

Front 39

Axons may have occasional branches along their length called ___ ______.

Back 39

Axon collaterals

Front 40

At the end of an axon, there are generally up to 10,000 or more _____ ______, also known as ________.

Back 40

Terminal branches, telodendria

Front 41

There are three terms to describe the knoblike distal endings of an axon's terminal branches. What are they?

Back 41

Axon terminals, synaptic knobs, or boutons (boo-TOHNZ)

Front 42

What is the secretory part of a neuron?

Back 42

Axon terminal (or synaptic knob, or bouton)

Front 43

What are secreted at the axon terminals?

Back 43

Neurotransmitters

Front 44

What two organelles are absent in axons?

Back 44

Nissl bodies (protein and membrane factories) and Golgi apparati

Front 45

What is a term for the axon plasma membrane?

Back 45

Axolemma

Front 46

Is the system that transports resources to and from the axon a passive or an active transport system?

Back 46

ATP is required... it's an active system involving a bunch of different motor proteins that transport new organelles to the axon and take away waste.

Front 47

Movement toward the axon terminals is called _____ movement, and movement away is called _____.

Back 47

Anterograde, retrograde

Front 48

Many axons are covered with a whitish, protein-lipoid covering called a _____ ____.

Back 48

Myelin sheath

Front 49

Myelin sheaths _____ speed of action potential transmission.

Back 49

Increase

Front 50

The exposed portion is a Schwann cell is called _____.

Back 50

Neurilemma

Front 51

The gaps between Schwann cells are called _____.

Back 51

Nodes of Ranvier, or neurobfibril nodes

Front 52

Gray matter consists mostly of unmyelinated nerve fibers and ____.

Back 52

Somas

Front 53

What are the three structural classifications of neurons?

Back 53

Multipolar (this is most neurons)
Bipolar (rare)
Unipolar (though really pseudounipolar)

Front 54

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

Back 54

Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Interneurons (association neurons)

Front 55

What's another name for a nerve impulse?

Back 55

Action potential

Front 56

What's a term describing the electrical difference (measured in volts or millivolts) between two points?

Back 56

Potential

Front 57

What's a term for hindrance to electrical charge flow, induced by materials through which the charge must pass?

Back 57

Restistance

Front 58

Materials with high electrical resistance are called _____.

Back 58

Insulators

Front 59

Materials with low electrical resistance are called ______.

Back 59

Conductors

Front 60

What equation describes Ohm's Law?

Back 60

I = V/R

I represents current
V represents voltage
R represents resistance

Front 61

The body doesn't conduct charge using free electrons --- instead is uses ____.

Back 61

Ions

Front 62

The greater the ____, the greater the current.

Back 62

Voltage

Front 63

The greater the ____, the less current there is.

Back 63

Resistance

Front 64

Ion channels consist of:

A) Integral proteins
B) Enzymes
C) Several organelles

Back 64

A) Integral proteins

Front 65

An ion channel protein that changes shape, due to some stimulus, to accommodate or lock out ions is called a ____ _____.

Back 65

Gated Channel

Front 66

A gated channel that opens and closes when the appropriate chemical binds to it is called...

Back 66

A ligand gated or chemically gated ion channel

Front 67

An ion channel that changes its behavior based on changes in membrane potential is called...

Back 67

a voltage gated channel

Front 68

An ion channel that changes its behavior in response to physical deformation of the receptor is called...

Back 68

a mechanically gated channel

Front 69

What sort of ion channels are always open?

Back 69

Leakage or Nongated channels

Front 70

Every type of channel is selective as to the sort of ___ it lets past.

Back 70

Ions

Front 71

Ions move according to which two gradients?

Back 71

Concentration gradient and electrical gradient.

Front 72

What is the name for the 'all-encompassing gradient" that takes into account concentration and potential?

Back 72

Electrochemical gradient

Front 73

Generally speaking, what voltage represents a neuron's resting potential.

Back 73

-40 to -90 mV

Front 74

Regarding a resting neuron, where would you find the NEGATIVE charge; outside the plasma membrane, or inside?

Back 74

Inside

Front 75

What ion plays the most important part in generating membrane potential?

Back 75

Potassium

Front 76

In a resting cell, the cytosol has a lower concentration of ____ and a higher concentration of ____ than the extracellular fluid.

Back 76

Na+, K+

Front 77

The plasma membrane has leakage channels that allow for relatively free flow of ____ and ____ ions, but is much less permeable to ____ ions.

Back 77

Potassium and chlorine, sodium

Front 78

The ATP-driven "Sodium-Potassium Pump" ejects three ___ ions from the cell and then transports two ___ ions back into the cell

Back 78

Sodium, Potassium

Front 79

What exactly gives the cytosol its negative charge?

Back 79

Anionic proteins