Hum 244 Test #3

Front 1

Describe the Conservative Reaction

Back 1

all of Europe was governed by traditional monarchies by 1815

Front 2

Who was the only Constitutional Monarchy?

Back 2

France ruled by a Bourbon King, Charles X

Front 3

Charles X in France was what type of king?

Back 3

Bourbon

Front 4

reversion back to monarchy was a _________.

Back 4

synthesis

Front 5

There was relative _____ between nations for __ years.

Back 5

peace, years

Front 6

What was the dialectic flow of the reversion back to monarchy?

Back 6

Thesis--Kings

Antithesis--Republics

Synthesis--Liberal Kings

Front 7

What were the roots of nationalism?

Back 7

1) Imagination -- folk tales, ways, and native dress.

2) Political -- liberation of Greeks and Serbs from Turks

3) Kings were over their own countries

4) Most of South American became free of the Eur. nations

Front 8

French revolution of 1830 did what to Charles X?

Back 8

Deposed him

Front 9

Who replaced Charles X?

Back 9

Constitutional Monarch Louis Phillipe

Front 10

How does England avoid revolution?

Back 10

REFORM; organic change

Front 11

Until the 1830s, most manufacturing was done where? Except in?

Back 11

the Countryside, except in England?

Front 12

When did rapid growth in industrialism/urbanization take place until?

Where and where not?

Back 12

Until the 1830s; England; France; Belgium; German-states. NOT: Eastern and Southern Europe; Russia

Front 13

What were the 3 classes of labor?

Back 13

artisans/craftsmen, skilled, unskilled

Front 14

The Guild system was replaced by _____ _____.

Back 14

Wage Labor

Front 15

Wage labor led to _______.

Back 15

proletarianization

Front 16

labor for the first time becomes a commodity

Back 16

proletarianization

Front 17

What is Wage Slavery?

Back 17

workers at the mercy of owners who shop for the cheapest wages and fire the higher paid.

Front 18

What was the debate between the Liberal Ure and Conservative Ruskin regarding factory production?

Back 18

READ BOOK

pg. 122, 123

Front 19

When did England limit the work hours? How many could one work a day?

Back 19

1833; 10

Front 20

Where was a production unit where all contributed?

Back 20

Home

Front 21

What separated home and production?

Back 21

The Factory

Front 22

What is the concept that "my action logically implies that I want all people to act just as I am acting," that's also similar to the golden rule? Which philosopher is this under?

Back 22

Categorical imperative; Immanuel Kant

Front 23

Where was the ideal community in which all work for the common good and share the fruit of all their labors?

Back 23

"New Lanark" in Scotland

Front 24

Which Marxian Utopia failed due to quarreling?

Back 24

New Harmony, Indiana

Front 25

Many of the Marxist communes were radical why?

Back 25

they were creating theoretical places where a new man could thrive - sexual liberation was a common theme.

Front 26

who rejected industry and dominance of government?

Back 26

Anarchists

Front 27

What shows progress of class warfare?

Back 27

Dialectical Materialism.

Front 28

Why was class warfare called "scientific" by Marx?

Back 28

because he thought he could prove it from history

Front 29

What is a tool of the ruling class to oppress the lower classes?

Back 29

Morality

Front 30

What did class conflict lead to in the socialist/utopian era?

Back 30

the triumph of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie and abolition of private property and marriage.

Front 31

What was the motto of the Communist Manifesto in 1848

Back 31

"Working men of all countries, unite!" You have nothing to lose but your chains.

Front 32

When was the year of revolution all over europe?

Back 32

1848

Front 33

Who instigated revolutions and allied with workers?

Back 33

Liberals (NOT communists)

Front 34

Liberals realized the dangers of ______ workers and wanted to avoid a repeat of 1789.

Back 34

radicalized

Front 35

Partisan workers in France wanted a _____.

Back 35

Social Revolution

Front 36

What was declared in France when King Louis-Philippe abdicates?

Back 36

a "Second Republic"

Front 37

What year did Napoleon III declare himself Emperor?

Back 37

1852

Front 38

The French election gave power to ________ and ________.

Back 38

moderates, conservatives

Front 39

Understand the history of slaves in the Western world.

Back 39

BOOK

Front 40

Church's voice against slavery:

Back 40

Christians ended most slavery in Europe by 1000 AD.

The Catholic Church denounced slavery in the 1400s and strongly condemned it in 1537.

The Protestant and Methodist Church in England & U.S. ended the European trade of African slaves and England worked to eradicate the Arab enslavement of Africans.

Front 41

Which philosopher says: "scientifically verifiable statements are meaningful. Statements like morality, justice, beauty, truth, and religion are verifiable."

Back 41

David Hume

Front 42

Which philosopher "wants to find a valid basis for morality and identifies it within the individual?
"We must act logically, without contradicting ourselves."

Also believes in Categorical Imperative.

Back 42

Immanuel Kant

Front 43

Which philosopher thinks "movement in history is Spiritual (metaphysical)" and believes in Dialectical Idealism

Back 43

Hegel

Front 44

"All clashes of ideas end on a higher plane" is termed ______ ________.

Back 44

Dialectical Idealism

Front 45

Which philosopher believes in materialism (only matter exists), positivism, and is the Father of Sociology?

Back 45

Auguste Comte

Front 46

A concept where the truth is imposed upon the mind by experience, not by revelation or intuition

From experience, society defines morality and value.

Back 46

Positivism

Front 47

Who thinks in terms of dialectical materialism, that private property is the root of all evil, and alienation?

Back 47

Karl Marx

Front 48

When does materialism reach perfection?

Back 48

Communism

Front 49

Memorize the 7 Elements of Communism

Back 49

1. Classless society

2. Means of production owned by all the people

3. Elimination of private property

4. Abolition of marriage and family

5. Elimination of religion

6. Man will no longer be alienated, but integrated into a community

7. Utopia is the result: a New Eden, the Ideal World

Front 50

When were the 7 elements of communism delineated?

Back 50

1848

Front 51

Which philosopher believes in English practical empirical (scientific evidence) school as opposed to continental theorists like Hegel, Kant, and Marx?

Also puts emphasis on the individual.

Science shows that happiness is the highest goal of all people.

Morality is based on what helps people achieve happiness.

Utilitarianism

"ON LIBERTY" is his great essay on the rights of individuals

Back 51

John Stewart MIll

Front 52

Actions are right or wrong based on their utility for achieving it is called ____________.

Back 52

Utilitarianism

Front 53

wrote "Origin of Species" - survival of the fittest.

Belived evolution, that progress is inevitable.

Not a philoph. himself, but ideas inspired major philophs.

Back 53

Charles Darwin

Front 54

Philosopher who believed "Social Darwinism" = survival of the fittest at the human level/ if the weak receive too much help and survive, the human species will deteriorate.

Back 54

Herbert Spencer

Front 55

Did these men consider themselves Liberals or Conservatives?

Back 55

Liberals because most of these ideas were untraditional and shocked the world

Front 56

What are the defining characteristics of Realism in the Arts?

Back 56

- more interest in people than nature

- more interest in real rather than ideal/exotic topics

- focus on the objective portrayal "what is actually seen

- showed people in their grunginess

- stress on the seamier side of life: weariness/poverty

- later realism called Naturalism stressed the material nature of humans - just another animal; there is no spiritual nature)

Front 57

What are defining characteristics of realism in literature?

Back 57

instead of writing about the upper class, realist writers wrote about problems of workers and social issues.

authors applied the new ideas of religion, moraliy, and philosophy to their stories

began to portray man as just another animal, more degraded, no longer the imago Dei

later realists would write without judging the situation; ie: this is just how life is.

Front 58

How did Realism view religion?

Back 58

It treated the Bible as a record created by humans as opposed to being God's revelation of himself.

"Higher Criticism"

Front 59

Early Social Realism Author: Early childhood poverty, working at age 12. Drew into horrible living conditions of the common man Showed objectively what is there with the intent of invoking compassion and change.

Back 59

Charles Dickens

Front 60

Realist Author: Later realist; captured darker themes of the human condition.

Wrote "Silas Marner" the miser

Was a Materialist: life makes us what we are and we are helpless against impersonal forces

Back 60

Mary Anne Evans (George Eliot)

Front 61

Later Realist Author: captured darker themes of human condition

"Tess of the D'Urbervilles" - fate rules, impersonal forces, materialist,

"Return of the Native"

Back 61

Thomas Hardy

Front 62

Russian Realist who wrote "Dead Souls," satire to show the greed that corrupts mankind

Back 62

Nikolai Gogol

Front 63

Russian realist who was frustrated with the slow progress of change in Russia compared with West Europe.

"Fathers and Sons" introduces radical European concepts of anarchy and nihilism

Back 63

Ivan Turgenev

Front 64

The first nihilist character in literature. Rejected all forms of authority: "I never look up to heaven except when I need to sneeze."

Rejects human emotions. "Love destroys humans but you don't find the other animals being so foolish."

Back 64

Bazarov

Front 65

Father of Psychological Realism

Christian Existentialist

Main themes: -moral redemption through suffering, man is special because God allows him freedom to choose. Only this freedom makes him dif. from the animals. Modernists, materialists remove dignity from the human.

IN our freedom we all chose to sin.

Redemption comes when we recognize our sin and choose Christ - ultimate suffering servant.

Embracing the suffering as Jesus did is the great act

Back 65

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Front 66

Story in which an aristocratic Father is a drunk with no interest in 4 sons.

Dmitri (eldest) = like father, but hates him

Ivan = modern rationalist, atheist, nihilist

Alyosha = saintly monk seeking to serve Christ

Smerdyakov = bastard, listens to Ivan, kills father and does

Dmitri accused of murder and is convicted without protest

Back 66

"Brothers Karamazov" by Fyodor Dostoevsky

Front 67

Story in which Jesus returns to earth, to Spain, and the Inquisition condemns him to death again.
Says that Jesus should have accepted Satan's 3 offers and ppl would follow him.

Jesus condemned people to freedom = misery.

Back 67

"The Grand Inquisitor" - Ivan

Front 68

Story in which a nihilist (character name) imagines himself a superman for whom anything is allowed. Decides to murder a hateful pawnbroker to use her money for great purpose, also kills sister.

Sonia = sacrifices self as prostitute to support drunken father

Back 68

"Crime and Punishment"

Main Character: Raskolnikov

Front 69

Who was the author of great Russian Epics "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina"

Back 69

Leo Tolstoy

Front 70

What two Russian Realists show opposing views that split intellectual elites in Europe?

Back 70

Dosteoevsky and Tolstoy:

Front 71

How did Dostoevsky and Tolstoy show the opposing views that split the intellectual elites in Eur.?

Back 71

Most Western Intellectuals accepted Nihilist rejection of the past. Dostoevsky and Tolstoy accepted Christian tradition

Front 72

Who refused Dostoevsky and Tolstoy's insights?

Back 72

The Russian Elites

Front 73

Which Art Style does this describe?

Social focus

City and Civilization focus

Formal, intellectual, logical, follow the rules

Apollonian

Themes inspired by the Greek and Roman classical era

Back 73

Neo-classical

Front 74

Which art style is this?

focus on individual

nature

informal and emotional

Dionysian

Themes from Nature and Medeival era: gothic, ruins overwhelmed by nature

Back 74

Romantic

Front 75

Which art style is this?

focus on the struggle "the struggle is real"

weary, poor, unheroic ppl

did not idealize city or nature -- just "real situations"

Back 75

early Realism

Front 76

which art style is this?

stressed the material nature of humans as being just another animal

Back 76

naturalism/Late Realism

Front 77

Seven painters formed the _________ __________ to oppose what they saw as the corrupting influence of mid-19th C art in England

Back 77

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Front 78

Pre-Raph painters believed Art is: (MEMORIZE)

Back 78

Spiritual

Expresses meaningful ideas

Represents nature precisely

Must be serious and heartfelt

Must reject conventional and mechanical stylistic devices

Front 79

Pre-Raph's believe these 5 things were sources and themes of the Art (MEMORIZE)

Back 79

The Bible

Shakespeare

Dante's Divine Comedy

Arthurian Legent

Medieval Art

Front 80

What does Pre-Raphaelite mean?

Back 80

They preferred the bright colors and clarity and content of medieval art - hence "pre-raphael"

Front 81

Andrew Ure's Arguments for the Conditions of Factory production:

Back 81

1) many people too feeble to provide for themselves earn abundant food.

2) people are screened from the summer and winter.

3) the apartment is more airy than a metropolis

4) the power of steam substitutes painful muscle use

Front 82

John Ruskin's arguments for the Conditions of Factory Production

Back 82

1) Men were not intended to work with the accuracy and precision of tools

2) dehumanization of man; becoming a tool.

3) Men have no pleasure in their work

4) men look to wealth as the only means of pleasure

Front 83

who was the #1 neo-classical artist?

Back 83

Jacque David