Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What consist of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
|
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, mouth, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (lobar), bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
|
|
What consist of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
|
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
|
|
What are the three layers of olfractory epithelium?
|
Bottom to top
1.) Basal cells 2.) Sustentacular cells 3.) Olfactory cells |
|
Where can you find olfractory epithelium?
|
Superior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
and the same area of the nasal septum, and roof of the nasal cavity |
|
In which structures of respiratory system will you see cartilage?
|
Before the bronchioles
|
|
What is another name for respiratory epithelium?
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with ciliar and goblet cells
|
|
Why are there lots of venus sinus in the nose?
|
Venus sinus is just a collection of tiny veins that are lined by the endothelium to warm and moist the air enter the nose
|
|
What are bowman's gland?
|
Serous glands in the CT region
Functions: 1.) moisten surface of the olfactory epithelium in order to dissolve and wash away odorants |
|
What is the epithelium found in nasopharynx?
|
Respiratory epithelium
|
|
What is the epithelium found in oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
|
Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous, because that area is subjected to mechanical abrasion
|
|
What are swell bodies?
|
An excess of venous sinuses that can engorged with blood and can cause the nose to occlude
|
|
What are some distinguishing features of naso-, oro-, or laryngo-pharynx?
|
Naso - respiratory
Oro - respiratory to non-keratinized stratified squamous Laryngo - nonkeratinized stratified squamous with cartilage |
|
What is the epithelium of the laryngel side of the epiglottis?
|
Respiratory epithelium
|
|
How to distinguish trachea on a transverse cut?
|
Look for the repating pattern of small plates of hyaline cartilage (cross sections of the 'C' rings), subsets of them
|
|
Epiglottis contains...
|
Elastic cartilage
|
|
Larynx vs. trachea
|
The larynx has large plates of cartilage deep to the respiratory epithelium
The trachea contains smaller plates of cartilages (still hyaline) |
|
What is the epithelium of the oral (lingual) side?
|
Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous
|
|
What type of collagen is in elastic cartilage?
|
Type II collagen
|
|
What is the epithelium covering the true vocal cord?
|
Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous
Designed to withstand and respond to the abrasive nature of rapidly moving air that occurs during speech and coughing |
|
What are the characteristics of true vocal cord (vocal fold)?
|
1.) nonkeratinized stratified squamous
2.) skeletal muscle 3.) elastic fibers |
|
What are the characteristics of the false vocal cord (vestibular fold)?
|
1.) respiratory epithelium
2.) mixed seromucous glands |
|
Distinguishing features of trachea?
|
C-shaped band of hyaline cartilage surrounding most of the lumen
Respiratory epithelium Smooth muscle band in the posterior aspect of the trachea near the two ends of the hyaline cartilage |
|
Where is the tracheal 'C' rings of cartilage opening? (anteriorly or posteriorly?)
|
Posteriorly
|
|
What is the epithelium of esophagus?
|
Stratified squamous
1.) keratinized in embryo 2.) non-keratinized after birth |
|
How do distinguish between trachea and bronchus?
|
Trachea has complete 'C' cartilage whereas bronchus has incomplete 'C' cartilage on a transverse cut
|
|
How do distinguish between bronchus and bronchiole?
|
Bronchus has cartilage, bronchiole does not
Bronchiole also has cuboidal epithelium Bronchus has respiratory |
|
What are some distinguishing features of bronchus?
|
Seromucous glands and dense irregular connective tissue between and surrounding the hyaline cartilage plates
|
|
How to distinguish between terminal bronchiole and respiratory bronchiole?
|
Look for the direct branching into 2 respiratory bronchiole, represents the regions of transition between the conduction and respiratory portion of the respiratory system
Both have simple cuboidal |
|
How do you distinguish bt Type I and Type 2 pneumocytes?
|
Type 1 light center, type 2 darker center
Type 1 squamous shape, type 2 more cuboidal shape |
|
What are the 5 layers of blood-air barrier?
|
Air to blood
1.) Surfactant 2.) Type I pneumocytes 3.) Fused basal lamina 4.) Endothelium of capillary 5.) RBC |
|
How to distinguish betwewen Type II pneumocytes and dust cells (aka alveolar macrophages)
|
Both have sorta dark nucleus, but dust cells have a more darly staining cytoplasm
|
|
What are the three layers of the heart? (outer to inner)
|
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
|
|
Which layer of the heart is adipose tissue associated with?
|
Epicardium
|
|
What kinda of junctions connect the Purkinje fibers?
|
Gap junctions
|
|
What is the cardiac skeleton composed of?
|
Dense CT
|
|
What is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?
|
Surrounds each valve and serves as an attachment site to cardiac muscle
|
|
What are the characteristics of Tunica intima?
|
Single endothelial layer, BL
Delineate by endothelial cells and inner elastic lamina (IEL) |
|
What are the characteristics of Tunica media?
|
Helically arranged SM cells with elastin and Type III collagen. Anywhere from 1-40 layers of SM
Delineated by IEL and OEL, with IEL considered as part of the tunica intima |
|
What are the characteristics of Tunica adventitia?
|
Type I collagen and elastic fibers
SM (longitudinal) are present in large veins |
|
What is vasa vasorum?
|
Arteries that supply to bigger arteries
|
|
What is the largest tunica in a artery?
|
Tunica media
|
|
What is the largest tunica in vein?
|
Tunica adventitia
|
|
Tunica intima characteristics in conducting artery?
|
Single layer of endothelial cells, longitudinally oriented CT, fibers, fibroblast, and SM
|
|
Tunica media characteristics in conducting artery?
|
Concentrically oriented elastic fibers
Area between elastic fibers is occupied by SM cells, usually >40 layers of cells |
|
Tunica adventita characteristics in conductin artery?
|
Thin, contains collagen, elastic fibers, and vasa vasorum, and adipose tissue
|
|
Where are vasa vasorum located in large veins and arteries?
|
Tunica adventitia
|
|
How to distinguish between muscular artery and arterioles?
|
Muscular artery has IEL and ELE w SM in between
Arterioles only has a thin tunica and a small tunica media, no IEL and OEL |
|
Fact: Lots of elastic fibers around pulmonary artery
|
To accommodate the expansion and contraction associated with respiration
|
|
How to distinguish between Arterioles and capillaries?
|
Arterioles: highest muscle to lumen ratio, a few layers of SM
Capillaries: no SM, 1 RBC in diameter, only 1 to several endothelial cells in diameter |
|
How to distinguish between venules and small veins?
|
Both has several endothelial cell in diameter, no SM
But small veins have bigger diameter, using RBC to measure |
|
How to distinguish between venules and capillaries?
|
Very similar, but venules are bigger
|
|
What are the three types of capillaries?
|
Continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous
|
|
What kinda of capillaries are sinusoids?
|
Discontinuous
|
|
How do you distinguish between a vein and artery?
|
SM muscle (cross sections) in the tunica adventital layer of the veins
Only Type I collagen and elastic fibers found in arteries |
|
How to distinguish between lymphatic vessels and veins?
|
Lymphatic vessels no tunica media or SM, often contain lymph, a pink cellular material with no RBCs
|
|
T or F: lymphatic valves are composed of small amount of CT and extend into the lumen of the lymphatic vessels
|
True
|
|
What are the three types of lymphoid tissue?
|
unencapsulated
incompletely encapsulated encapsulated |
|
what are the cells of the lymphatic system? (motile and fixed)
|
Motile - lymphocytes and macrophages
Fixed - epithelial reticular cells and plasma cells |
|
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
|
Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and the thymus
|
|
What does unecapsulated mean?
|
No CT surrounding
|
|
Which one stains lighter? primary or secondary lymphatic nodules?
|
Secondary - also called germinal center
|
|
Fun fact: Germinal centers = less basophilic
|
the area has been subjected to the presence of the foreign antigens
|
|
What lymphatic structure(s) are incompletely encapsulated?
|
Tonsils
Palatine Pharyngeal Lingual |
|
How many crypts do each of the following has?
Palatine Pharyngeal Lingual |
Palatine - many
Pharyngeal - none Lingual - one |
|
What are the 3 features of tonsils?
|
Epithelium
CT Nodules |
|
What is the epithelium of the palatine and lingual tonsils?
|
Non-keratinized stratified squamous eppithelium
|
|
What is the epithelium of pharyngeal tonsil?
|
Respiratory aka
Psuedostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cell |
|
What lymphatic structure(s) are completely encapsulated?
|
Lymph nodes
Thymus Spleen |
|
Fun fact: sinuses direct and slow the flow of lymph through the node
|
Different types of sinuses:
subscapsular - below CT trabecular - pierces through the cortex cortical medullary - in the medulla |
|
What kind of cells contained in the following parts of the lymph nodes?
Cortex Paracortex |
Cortex - contain lymphocytes that contain B-cells
Paracortex - between cortex and medulla, contains mostly T-cells |
|
How to distinguish medullary sinsuses from medullary cords?
|
Sinuses - light
Cords - dark |
|
Which section of the lymph nodes has nodule? (medulla or cortex?)
|
Cortex
|
|
What does lymph nodes has that no other lymphatic structure has?
|
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Everything (including node) has efferent |
|
Fun fact: there are reticular fibers all over the lymph node, especially in the CT capsules
|
produced by reticular cells
type III collagen |
|
What is the function of thymus?
|
Site of T-cell education and maturation
|
|
Tell me something about the medulla of the thymus
|
Only one, all medullary areas are connected
|
|
What does the cortex of the thymus contain? and where do they come from?
|
Maturing lymphocytes (t-cell)
Bone marrow, macrophages |
|
What does the medulla of the thymus contain? and where do they come from?
|
Fewer immunocompetent t-cells and more epithelial reticular cells
|
|
What are Hassall's corpuscles in the thymus?
|
Increase with age, consist of concentrically arranged, flatten, keratinized epithelial reticular cells
Function unknown |
|
What is the function of spleen?
|
Filter of blood, not of lymph
with only efferent lymphatic vessels It's important in the removal of microorganisms that invade the circulation and old RBCs and platelets |
|
How is the spleen separated and describe them?
|
White pulp and red pulp
White pulp - contains secondary nodules, randomly distributed in the spleen, same as other lymphatic tissues Red pulp - all other areas that surround/between the nodules, also the site where crappy RBCs are pulled from the circulation |
|
What is a central artery surrounded by?
|
periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS), a roughly cylindrical aggregation of lymphocytes
|
|
What is the oder of the vessels through which blood flows into and out of the spleen?
|
Arteriole supply:
splenic trabecular central penicillar arterioles sheathed capillaries terminal arterial capillaries splenic sinus |
|
What arteries enter into the red pulp?
|
penicillar artery
-penicillar arterioles -sheathed arteriole -terminal arterial capillary |
|
Fun fact:
Germinal center - B cells Mantle zone - surrounding center, dark Marginal zone - surrounding mantle zone |
All unique in only spleen
All make up of the white pulp |