Hphy 321 Midterm 2

Front 1

What type of signals are transmitted by the anterolateral-system?

Back 1

-Pain
-Thermal (warm/cold)
-Touch (crude)
-Pressure (crude)
-Tickle and itch
-Sexual sensations

*slow

Front 2

What type of signals are transmitted by the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system?

Back 2

-Touch (fine)
-Vibration
-Skin movements
-Joint proprioception
-Pressure (fine)

*fast

Front 3

C1-C3 Controls::

Back 3

- Sternocleidomastoid
- Upper traps
- 1/3 of diaphram

- Neck movement
- Shoulder Shrug
- Weak Breathing

Front 4

C4 Controls:

Back 4

- 2/3 Diaphragm
- Levator scapulae

- Abdominal breathing

Front 5

C5 Controls:

Back 5

- Rhomboids
- Serratus Anterior
- Deltoid
- Rotator cudd
- Pectoralis major
- Biceps brachii
- Brachioradialis

- Movement of arm (humerus) at shoulder and shoulder movement
- Bend Elbow (flexion of elbow)

Front 6

C6-C7 Controls:

Back 6

- Pectoralis major
- Latissumus dorsi
- Extensor carpi radialis and ulnaris
- Triceps

- Bend wrist (extension/flexion)
- Straighten the elbow (extension)

Front 7

C8 Controls:

Back 7

- Intrinsic hand muscles

- Bend fingers (Finger extension/flexion)
- Fine motor control of hand

Front 8

T1 Controls:

Back 8

- Intrinsic hand muscles

- Spreads fingers apart and brings back together (abduction and adduction)
-Fine motor control of hand

Front 9

T1-T12 Controls:

Back 9

- Some chest wall
- Abdominal muscles

- Balance
- Trunk stability and movement

Front 10

L1-L5 Controls:

Back 10

-Hip flexors
- Hip adductors
- Some quadriceps (L3)
- Tibialis Anterior (L4)
- Toe musculature (L5)

- Bends hip, lifts knee (Hip flexion)
- Lateral leg raise (Hip abduction/adduction)
- Straightens leg (L3, Knee extension)
- Pulls foot up (L4, Dorsiflexion)
- Wiggling toes (L5)

Front 11

S1-S5 Controls:

Back 11

- Gastroc/soleus (S1)
- Bladder, bowl, sex organs
- Anal and Pelvic muscles

- Point foot down (S1, plantarflexion)
- Bladder, pelvic floor, external anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter

Front 12

primary structural differences between the skull of a newborn and adult

ossification model(s) during development of skull

Back 12

calvaria develops via intramembranous ossification, most bones of cranial base develop via endochondral ossification

Front 13

primary structural differences between the skull of a newborn and adult

relative size of skull (compared to body)

Back 13

• head height of newborn is ~ 1/4 of entire body; adult head height is ~ 1/8 of body height
• in other words, babies have huge heads relative to the rest of their body!

Front 14

primary structural differences between the skull of a newborn and adult

relative proportions of skull

Back 14

• frontal and parietal eminences are much more notable in newborn skull
• mastoid process is absent at birth; develops during year 1 as sternocleidomastoid
strengthens with head movement (Wolff’s law!)
• newborn facial skeleton is small compared to calvaria (1/8 of cranium compared to
adult facial skeleton = 1/3 of cranium)

Front 15

primary structural differences between the skull of a newborn and adult

sutures

Back 15

• frontal suture: present in newborn, typically fused by 8th year (remains in ~8% of adults, called metopic suture)
• mandibular symphysis: fused by end of 2nd year

Front 16

primary structural differences between the skull of a newborn and adult

fontanelles

Back 16

• anterior fontanelle: largest, diamond shaped, bordered by frontal and parietal bones, at junction of sagittal, coronal, and frontal sutures (bregma); useful for monitoring growth of calvaria, hydration status, and intracranial pressure
• posterior fontanelle: triangular shape, bordered by parietal and occipital bones, at junction of lambdoidal and sagittal sutures (lambda)
• sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelle: lateral aspect of skull, deep to temporalis muscle, small relative to midline fontanelles, and less clinically relevant

Front 17

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Supraorbital foramen

Back 17

Supraorbital n. (from ophthalmic branch of trigeminal CN V1)

Front 18

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Foramen magnum

Back 18

Accessory CN XI (+ spinal cord)

Front 19

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Hypoglossal canal

Back 19

Hypoglossal CN XII

Front 20

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Superior orbital fissure

Back 20

Ophthalmic CN V1 (from trigeminal), trochlear CNIV, abducent CN VI, oculomotor CNIII.

Front 21

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Foramen ovale

Back 21

Mandibular CN V3(from trigeminal)

Front 22

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Foramen lacerum

Back 22

no cranial nerves

Front 23

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Foramen rotundum

Back 23

Maxillary CN V2 (from trigeminal)

Front 24

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Foramen spinosum

Back 24

Meningeal branch (from mandibular CN V3)

Front 25

Which nerves pass through the following areas of the neurocranium (brain case)? Please include the name & number assigned to the cranial nerve.

Stylomastoid foramen

Back 25

Facial CN VII

Front 26

anterior communicating

Back 26

Connects
 anterior
 cerebral
 arteries

Front 27

Which cranial bone permits the oculomotor, trochlear, abducent and ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve to exit the cranium?
A. Maxilla
B. Temporal
C. Ethmoid
D. Zygomatic
E. None of the above

Back 27

E. None of the above

Front 28

Which of the following muscles have fibers oriented in the superolateral direction (fibers travel up, as they move laterally
“up and out”)?
A. Buccinator
B. Zygomaticus major
C. Corrugator supercilii
D. All of the above
E. BothBandC

Back 28

E. Zygomaticus major and Corrugator supercillii

Front 29

Which of the following bones are associated with the nasal cavity (ie: make up the walls or septum)?
a) Palatine
b) Vomer
c) Ethmoid
d) All of the above
e) BothBandC

Back 29

Answer: d) All of the above

Front 30

palatine

Back 30

- posterior portion of hard palate
- forms wall of nasal cavity
- forms part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity
- It also forms a small portion of the floor of the orbit

Front 31

Which of the following bones are paired in an adult?
a) Palatine
b) Sphenoid
c) Mandible
d) None of the above
e) BothAandB

Back 31

Answer: a) Palatine

Front 32

paranasal sinuses can be found in which bones?

Back 32

• Cavity lined with mucosa
• Helps to warm and humidify inspired air
• Reduce weight of skull
• Enhance voice resonance
• Born with ethmoid sinuses only

Front 33

hyoid bone

Back 33

• What is unique about the hyoid bone?
• Only bone that does not articulate with any other bone!

Front 34

Most common development defect of the skull?

Back 34

cleft palate

Front 35

In Guatemala, there are a great number of cleft lips and cleft palates. At what stage of development does this defect occur and what fails to occur?

Back 35

At 9 to 10 weeks in-utero the skin fuses between the nasal septum and the palatine arches. Lack of fusion of this overlying tissue results in clefting – either
cleft lip, unilateral cleft palate and/or lip, or
bilateral cleft palate and/or lip

Front 36

Orbicularis oris:
Location/Direction?
Action?

Back 36

Location/Direction:
Circular fibers around mouth and within lips.
Action:
Close mouth and purse lips.

Front 37

Mentalis:

Back 37

Location/Direction?
Skin of chin to mandible with vertical
fibers.
Action?
Raise the skin of the chin superiorly;
expression of doubt or pouting

Front 38

Buccinator:

Back 38

Location/Direction?
Horizontal fibers; rectangular muscle
from alveolar process on maxilla and
mandible laterally to the obicularis
oris muscle medially.
Action?
Smiling, chewing (pressing cheeks
against teeth).

Front 39

Depressor Anguli Oris:

Back 39

Location/Direction?
Vertical fibers from angle of mouth to
inferior border of the mandible.
Action?
Depresses the angle of the mouth.

Front 40

Zygomaticus major:

Back 40

Location/Direction?
Zygomatic bone to the angle of the
mouth.
Action?
Draws angle of the mouth
superolaterally during smiling and
laughing.

Front 41

Platysma:

Back 41

Location/Direction?
Broad and thin muscle in the neck,
from the fascia of the pectoralis and
deltoid muscles to the muscles on
the inferior border of mandible.
Action?
Tenses skin of neck, draws the
corners of the mouth down to
grimace.

Front 42

Orbicularis oculi:

Back 42

Location/Direction?
Circular muscle surrounding the orbit.
Orbital and palpebral (eye lid)
components.
Action?
Palpebral part: close eye lids gently
(blinking); Orbital part: strongly
closes lids (squinting).

Front 43

Corrugator Supercilii:

Back 43

Location/Direction?
Medial part of the orbital orbicularis
oculi to the skin of the eyebrows.
Fibers are superiolateral.
Action?
Draws the medial portion of the
eyebrow downward, demonstrating
concern.

Front 44

Nasalis:

Back 44

Location/Direction?
Fibers travel from maxilla and nasal
cartilage to the aponeurosis of the
nose.
Action?
Part of the muscle widens nostrils, and
another part compresses.

Front 45

Frontalis (or frontal portion of
occipitofrontalis or epicranius):

Back 45

Location/Direction?
Vertically aligned fibers from the skin of
the eyebrows to the epicranial
aponeurosis.
Action?
Elevates the eyebrows, demonstrating
surprise.

Front 46

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ): type of joint? movement? is it stable?

Back 46

• Modified hinge-­‐synovial type joint
• Movements?
• Flexion/Extension “Elevation/depression”
• Protrusion/Retrusion
• Lateral translation
• Pivot/rotation
• Mobile or Stabile?
• Very mobile, not too stable…is it?
• posterior thickening of joint capsule
• anterior dislocation is more common.

Front 47

Which muscle of mastication is NOT
involved with elevation of the mandible?
A. Masseter
B. Temporalis
C. Lateral pterygoid
D. Medial pterygoid
E. All of the above contribute to elevation of the mandible

Back 47

C. Lateral pterygoid

Front 48

Temporalis:

Back 48

Location/Direction?
Vertically aligned fibers fanning out from the coronoid process of the mandible to the temporal fossa of the parietal bone.
Action?
Elevates the mandible (closes the jaw), and retracts the mandible.

Front 49

Masseter:

Back 49

Location/Direction?
Superiomedial fibers from lateral surface of ramus of the mandible to zygomatic arch.
Action?
Elevates (closes jaw) and protrudes mandible.

Front 50

Parietal Bone

Back 50

- Coronal suture
- Squamosal suture
- What suture separates the two parietal bones?
- Sagittal suture

Front 51

Stylomastoid foramen

Back 51

Facial CN VII

Front 52

Cribiform plates

Back 52

Olfactory (CN I) axons

Front 53

Mental foramen

Back 53

Mental n. (from inferior alveolar n., branch from CN V3)

Front 54

Mandibular foramen

Back 54

Inferior alveolar n. (from mandibular CN V3)

Front 55

Jugular foramen

Back 55

Accessory CN XI, vagus CN X, glossopharyngeal CN IX

Front 56

Infraorbital foramen

Back 56

Infraorbital n. (from maxiallary CN V2)

Front 57

Cranial nerves that originate in the cerebrum

Back 57

-olfactory
-optic

Front 58

Cranial nerves that originate in the midbrain

Back 58

occulomotor, trochlear

Front 59

cranial nerves originating on pons

Back 59

trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear

Front 60

cranial nerves originating on the medulla

Back 60

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal, vestibulocochlear (both portions)

Front 61

Which cranial nerves are considered special sensory?

Back 61

Olfactory CN I, Optic CN II, and Vestibulocochlear CN VIIII

Front 62

Do any cranial nerves contain sympathetic axons?

Back 62

No

Front 63

What is the basic function of the olfactory nerve?

Back 63

smell

Front 64

What is the basic function of the optic nerve?

Back 64

vision

Front 65

What is the basic function of the occulomotor nerve?

Back 65

eye movement, pupil response to light, raising the eyelid

Front 66

What is the basic function of the trigeminal?

Back 66

facial sensation, chewing (muscles of mastication

Front 67

What is the basic function of the facial nerve?

Back 67

muscles of facial expression, taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue), saliva and tear production

Front 68

What is the basic function of the vestibulocochlear?

Back 68

hearing and balance

Front 69

What is the basic function of the glossopharyngeal

Back 69

swallowing, gag reflex, speech, taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue), saliva production

Front 70

What is the basic function of the vagus nerve?

Back 70

muscle of internal organes and swallowing, gag reflex, speech

Front 71

What is the basic function of the accessory nerve?

Back 71

turn neck and shrug shoulders (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius)

Front 72

What is the basic function of the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 72

tongue movement

Front 73

Sex Identification of the Skull

Back 73

- chin (square or rounded)
- supraorbital margin (sharp or dull)
- supercillary arches/supraorbital ridge (prominent or not?)
- external occipital protuberance (prominent or not?)
- mastoid process
- angle of mandible
- zygomatic bone

Front 74

What gives structural support to an axon?

Back 74

Axon is not simply a hollow tube - neurofilaments and microtubles act as structural support and transporters

- TBI can result in structural damage to axons (forms bulb)

Front 75

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Anatomical changes

Back 75

Atrophy: Overall decreased brain mass

- medial temporal lobes
- frontal loves
- corpus callosum
- mammilary bodies
- thalamus
- hypothalamic floor
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- substantia nigra
Increased:
- lateral ventricles
- third ventricles
- cavum septum pellucidum
- septal fenestrations

Front 76

Can DAI be assessed, non-invasively?

Back 76

Front 77

Detection of Acute Stroke

Back 77

Front 78

Diffusion and white matter

Back 78

Front 79

Isotropic diffusion

Back 79

Front 80

Midbrain sits beteen which two structures? Connects which ventricles?

Back 80

- diencephalon and pons
- 3rd and 4th

Front 81

Midbrain structures?

Back 81

- cerebral peduncles
-->ascending and descending neural tracts
-->convey impulses: cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and reverse
- corpora quadrigemina
-->four rounded eminences
-->dorsal portion of the midbrain
-->posterior to the cerebral aqueduct

Front 82

Corpora quadrigemina

Back 82

superior colliculi
- reflex center for movement of the eyeballs and head in response to visual and other stimuli
- coordinate movements for visual traching
inferior colliculi
- reflex centers for movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli
- e.g. --turning your head to the source of a sudden sound
- What does the relatively large superior colliculi on the sheep brain suggest?

Front 83

Primary function of the Pons? Structures?

Back 83

- relay station: cerebrum to cerebellum (medulla to thalamus)
- latin for bridge
- nuclei involved with many functions
-->sleep, breathing, hearing and equilibrium

middle cerebellar peduncles
- white matter tracts connecting the pons with the cerebellum

Front 84

Medulla Oblongata

Back 84

pyramids
- ridges on the ventral surface containing tracts from the cerebral cortex
olives
- nuclei which relay information from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex diencephalon and brain stem to the cerebellum

- autonomic reflex centers
- cardiovascular center
- cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
- vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation
- respiratory centers
- generate respiratory rhythm
- control rate and depth of breathing, with pontine centers
- ADDITIONAL CENTERS regulate
- vomit
- hiccup
- swallow
- cough
- sneeze

Front 85

Anatomy of the Cerebellum

Back 85

Front 86

The outer cortex of gray matter present in the cerebellum is composed primary of: a) myelinated neuron fibers b) connective tissue c) simple cuboidal epithelium d) neuron cell bodies

Back 86

d) neuron cell bodies

Front 87

Cerebellum: histology

Back 87

Front 88

What structures do the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connect with the cerebellum?

Back 88

superior
- midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum
middle
- pons
inferior
- medulla oblongata and spinal cord
-->fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral

Front 89

Function of the cerebellum

Back 89

subconcious, timing and pattern of muscle action "coordination"

Front 90

Vestibulocerebellum: flocculonodular lobe

Back 90

- receives input from the equilibrium appatatus and visual pathways
- control posture to maintain balance

Front 91

Medial and intermediate parts of each cerebellar hemisphere function

Back 91

- contain overlapping sensory and motor maps
- one in anterior and two in posterior

- each map receives ipsilateral information
- ascending sensory (proprioceptive) info from muscles (stretch and joints/tendon)
- motor information from descending corticospinal axons; relayed from brainstem and nuclei
- congruent map function: position of muscles and the commands going to them (sensory and motor)
- overlap of sensory and motor maps acts as a correction device
- keep from over or undershooting ie touch nose

Front 92

Lateral parts of hemispheres

Back 92

plan the sequence and timing of complex movements
- receives information from both motor association (premotor, intent to perform action) and somatocensory association areas of the cerebral cortex

Front 93

Evidence for function of cerebellum?

Back 93

Front 94

The terminal end of the spinal cord is called the __________?

Back 94

conus medullaris

NOT filum terminale

Front 95

Protection of spinal cord

Back 95

Front 96

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Back 96

Front 97

Epidural and lumbar puncture

Back 97

Front 98

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

Back 98

Front 99

Gray Matter

Back 99

-neuron cell bodies, interneurons, neuroglia
*contain autonomic neurons that innervate the visceral organs

Front 100

Poliomyelitis

Back 100

Front 101

Impact of Lesions

Back 101

Front 102

Multiple sclerosis

Back 102

Front 103

White matter

Back 103

The names of the tracts indicate:
- the white column column, or funiculi, in which the tract travels
- where the cell bodies of tract terminate
- the direction of the impulse conduction within the tract
- e.g. - anterior spinothalmic tract
- anterior- anterior funiculi; spino - originates in the spinal cord; thalmic- terminates in the thalamus

Front 104

Functions of the anterolateral system

Back 104

to relay information related to thermal (warm/cold) and crude touch or pressure to higher brain centers

Front 105

Structure of Spinal Nerves: Autonomic Pathways

Back 105

Front 106

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 106

ANS consits of motor neurons that:
- innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
- make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities
- operate via subconcious control
- have viscera as most of their effectors

Front 107

Divisions of the ANS

Back 107

Front 108

Anatomy of ANS

Back 108

Front 109

Parasympathetic Division Outflow

Back 109

Front 110

Parasympathetic Division

Back 110

Front 111

Sympathetic Division

Back 111

Front 112

Sympathetic Pathway

Back 112

Front 113

Male vs Female skulls

Back 113