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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the healthy people 2020 objectives (by category)?
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Increase PCP #s
Increase youth HIV testing/adult wellness check ups Chronic Back, osteoporosis, arthritis Blood disorders and safety Cancer Chronic Kidney Disease |
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What are the 3 focuses of the HP 2020 for chronic back,osteoporosis and arthritis?
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Reduce mean level of joint pain
Increase counseling for Dx pt's Reduce adult osteoporosis #'s |
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What are the 2 focuses of the HP 2020 for blood disorders?
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Reduce portion of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized pt's
Increase vaccinations in persons with blood disorders |
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What are the 2 focuses of the HP 2020 for Cancer?
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Decrease incidence of colorectal, uterine-cervical, and late stage breast cancer
increase # of men who discuss PSA's. |
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What are the 2 focuses of the HP 2020 for Chronic Kidney disease?
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increase # who receive ACE inhibitors or ARB's
increase # with CKD who know they have impaired renal function |
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What is our WHO ranking for overall health system?
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37th of 191
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What is our WHO ranking for level of health experience?
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72nd of 191
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What is the WHO ranking for infant mortality rate?
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39th
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What is the WHO ranking for adult female/male mortality respectively?
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43rd, 42nd
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What is the WHO ranking for life expectancy?
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36th
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What is the WHO criteria for ranking?
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Based on equity of distribution, preventable deaths and utilization of existing health resources
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What HPDP factors can a PA influence? What can't they?
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Individual lifestyle factors (counsel them to control), appropriate screenings
Can't control age,sex, heredity etc. |
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Define the Primary type of disease prevention and give examples
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Attempts to remove or modify the risk factors or causes, preventing disease from occurring
Use of helmets, immunizations, diet, smoking cessation |
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Define the Secondary type of disease prevention and give examples
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Detects condition in early stage (while asymptomatic) and allows for intervention or cure
Pap smears, mammograms, Beta blockers for an MI |
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Defie the Tertiary disease prevention and give examples
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Treatment of existing symptomatic disease or to prevent complications. Goal is to limit morbidity or rehabilitate
Control of DM, PT after stroke, post MI cardiac rehab |
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What is the function of the USPSTF?
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reviews evidence and develops recommendations for clinical preventative services.
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How should a PA use the USPSTF recommendations?
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A,B: discuss services with eligible patients (ex aspirin for heart disease risk)
C: low priority (no risk women don't need mammogram 40-49) D: discouraged w/o unusual considerations (low risk for CHD don't need resting ECG's) |
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What are the top 10 causes of death in the US?
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1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer 3. Cerebrovascular disease 4 Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. accidents 6. diabetes 7. Alzheimer's 8. Influenza/Pneumonia 9. Nephritis/Nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis 10. Septicemia |
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What are the two fundamental elements of quality health care?
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1. Appropriate treatment for current illness
2. appropriate preventative care to lessen future health decline. |
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What are the 4 features of preventative health?
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1. Immunizations
2. Behavioral counseling 3. Chemoprevention 4. Screening |
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Describe the costs of preventative care
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1. Underutilization: people not taking advantage (childhood immunizations, smoking cessations, colorectal CA screen)
2. Overutilization: asymptomatic individuals having tests done just to appease them (CA disease testing in aysmptomatic pt) 3. Financial Incentives: to do more testing w/o consideration of patient harm |
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What are the 5 preventative services that could save 100k lives with 90% participation?
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1. Daily aspirin therapy (45k)
2. Smokers encouraged to quit/counseled (42k) 3. Colorectal screens for those 50+ (14k) 4. Adult flu vaccinations (12k) 5. Mammograms for women 40+ (4k) |
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What is the shift in the major cause of death? (From what to what?)
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Shifting from infectious to non-infectious.
(by 2030, non-infectous diseases CVD, diabetes, cancer will cause 75% of world deaths regardless of income) |
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What are some things you should ask about when getting a history to help prevent disease?
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1. establish risk for genetic disorders
2. establish risky behaviors (drinking, smoking, diet etc) 3. Immunization Hx 4. Job environment (exposures) 5. Hobbies (fisherman wearing sunscreen, bikers/helmets etc) |
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What is the incidence rate of lung cancer?
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Over 65 years of age (<45 less than 3%)
Men 1:12, women 1:16. 12,000 |
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What is the mortality rate of lung cancer?
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60% within one year of Dx
75% within 2 years of Dx 10% survival at 5 years |
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What percentage of lung cancers are NSCLC?
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85-90%
|
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What are the sub-types of NSCLC?
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1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Adenocarcinoma 3. Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma |
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Where does squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer typically start? Where is it usually found?
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Starts in squamous cells lining lung airways
Usually found near bronchus in middle of lung |
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Is squamous cell carcinoma linked to smoking?
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Yes, it is linked to a Hx of smoking
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Where does an adenocarcinoma typically start? Where is it usually found?
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Starts in cells that would normally secrete mucous
Typically found in outer region of the lung |
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What is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers?
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Adenocarcinomas 60% of lung cancers in non smokers (adenocarinomas account for 1/3 of smoker cancer too)
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Is squamous cell carcinoma slow or fast growing?
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Slow
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Is Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma slow or fast growing?
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Fast
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What is the least common type of NSCLC?
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Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma (10-15% of all lung cancers)
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Where does Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma originate? How does it present?
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Originates in large-sized cells in periphery of the lung
May present as solitary nodule or mass. |
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What are the racial and gender disparities of NSCLC?
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Males of any race more likely
African American males have highest incidence |
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What is SCLC? What percent of lung cancers are SCLC?
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Small cell lung cancer (oat cell carcinomas) 10-15%
|
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What are the racial/gender disparities for SCLC?
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Males of any race more likely
Equally between Caucasian/African American VERY rare in non-smokers |
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Where does SCLC present?
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Usually centrally located near a bronchi. Often very widespread at Dx.
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What are some risk factors for lung cancer?
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Smokers with COPD
Hx of GI cancer Hx of asbestos exposure Genetic predisposition 2nd hand smoke occupational exposures environmental exposures marijuana chest radiation diseases diet race/gender |
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What percentage of lung cancer is tobacoo smoke responsible for? What is the percentage affected by 2nd hand smoke?
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80-90% from tobacco
30% from 2nd hand exposure |
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What type of cancer is caused by asbestos exposure?
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Mesothelioma
|
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What are some workplace exposures to look out for in regard to lung cancer risks?
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Radon, uranium, silica dust, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline and diesel exhaust
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What are the non-modifiable risks for lung cancer?
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Genetics (those with 1st degree relatives w/lung cancer)
faulty DNA mechanisms race/gender |
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What other cancers are linked to tobacco use?
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Nasal/sinus, cervical, breast, and bladder cancers
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What are the treatment options for smoking cessation?
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Medications, Nicotine replacement therapy (gum/patch), counseling
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Varenicline- use/effects
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Aka Chantix
Nictone receptor agonist, so it mimics nicotine effects |
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Venlafaxine- use/effects
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Aka Effexor
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Combined with patch and therapy shows very good results for light smokers (<pack/day) |
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Nortriptyline- use/effects
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aka Aventyl, Pamelor
Tricyclic antidepressant targeting noradrenergic system: really helps with withdrawl/cessation |
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Buproprion- use/effects
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aka Wellbutrin/Zyban
Dopaminergic agent increases amount of dopamine uptake by blocking reuptake, basically blocks “pleasure” of nicotine effects *may also affect noradrenergic system (norepinephrine regulator) which blunts negative side effects |
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What are the benefits/limitations for using CXR and sputum cytology to screen for lung cancer?
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Shown to detect more disease, but not reduce mortality rates
Can't detect early disease, sputum cytology bad at finding peripheral tumors |
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What are the benefits/limiations for using traditional CT to screen for lung cancer?
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1. used as a follow up method to assess size and extent of the lesion and the lymph nodes to assess metastasis
2. more effective than CXR at detecting lesions, can detect as small as .5 cm in 3. good for detecting peripheral tumors but not as good for centrally located tumors 4. Time/expense and high radiation exposure |
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What are the benefits/limitations for using LDCT to screen for lung cancer?
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1. can detect lesions as small as a few mm in diameter
2. Less time/radiation exposure 3. images not as good as traditional CT but better than CXR 4. finds many benign lesions too, so cost/usefullness must be determined |
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What are the benefits of using autoflourescent bronchoscopy to screen for lung cancer?
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1. detects tumors within bronchi
2. visual distinction of surface characteristics 3. biopsies and mucous sample 4. have shown a significant increase in diagnostic sensitivity for dysplasia and carcinoma in situ |
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What are the benefits/limitations of using enhanced sputum cytology to detect lung cancer?
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1. locates malignant masses in central airway
2. Fails to detect all peripheral airway tumors |
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What are some common signs/symptoms of lung cancer?
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Unremitting, chronic cough
hemoptysis unexplained weight loss progressive anorexia dyspnea new onset wheezing recurrent pulmonary infections hoarse vocal quality pleurisy unilateral shoulder pain Horner's syndrome Virchow's node bone pain neurologic changes jaundice |
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What are some paraneoplastic syndromes associated with NSCLC?
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Hypercalcemia (urinary freq, constipation, weakness, excessive bone growth)
Hypercoagulability (DVT, PE, MI, CVA) Hyperprolactinemia (gynecomastia, breast discharge, menstrual irregulation) |
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What are the 3 types of bias?
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Lead time, Length time and overdiagnosis bias.
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Compare mortality rate to survival rate
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Mortality rate measure the deaths from a disease within a given disease population. There is a defined end point
Survival rate refers to percent of pt's living after arbitrary end point. Can have bias because Dx and onset are different. |
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Define prevalance rate
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number of cases of target condition (whether new or previous diagnosis) divided by population at risk for developing target condition at the given time
It's a snapshot of overall rate of disease |
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Define Epidemiology
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The investigation of factors that determine the frequency and distribution of a disease or other health related condition within a defined human population during a specific period.
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Compare healthcare-associated infections to community-acquired infections
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HAI is neither present or incubating at time of admission
CAI- are all infections that do not meet the HAI definition |
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Define Reservoir
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site where microogranisms reproduce and maintain themselves over a prolonged period of time
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Define Source
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site where the microorganisms are temporarily deposited and little or no multiplication takes place
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What are the modes of transmission for infections?
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Direct Contact
Indirect Contact: hands of workers, surfaces, large droplets Airborne: droplet nucei, dust particles/spores Common vehicle: food, medications, blood |
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What patients are considered high risk for HAI's?
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ICU, Oncology, transplant, burn patients
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What is the most common mode of pathogen transmission?
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HANDS
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List the consequences of tobacco use
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Death, increased health risks, CVD, Resp disease, CA, increased rates of osteoporosis, COPD, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction, infertility, preterm deliver, stillbirth, SIDS, low birth weight
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What are the components of an effective smoking cessation program?
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1. Brief Intervention
2. Motivational Intervention 3. Intensive Intervention 4. Pharmocology |
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What are the 5 A's for treating tobacco dependence?
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Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange
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define incidence rate
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the number of new cases of target condition divided by the population at risk for developing target condition during a given time period
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define absolute risk
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incidence of target condition in the population with the risk factor
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define relative risk
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absolute risk of disease in persons with risk factor divided by absolute risk of disease among persons without
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Define attributable risk
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Amount of risk that can be attributed to a risk factor
(SUBTRACT the absolute risk from one another) |
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Define sensitivity
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proportion of persons with condition who correctly test positive (find people who have condition)
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Define specificity
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proportion of persons without the condition who correctly test negative
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positive predictive value
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proportion of persons with positive test who have condition (low if prevalence is low)
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negative predictive value
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portion of persons with negative test who do not have the condition
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false positive
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• The rate of occurrence of positive test results in subjects known to be free of a disease or disorder for which an individual is being tested
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false negative
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The rate of occurrence of a negative result when patient actually has the disease
(increase with decreased sensitivity) |
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What is the rule of thumb for reporting a disease?
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If there is a vaccine for it, it's contagious, or you just haven't seen it in a while- REPORT IT
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What are the 10 essential public health services
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1. Monitor
2. Diagnose and investigate 3. Inform and Educate 4. Mobilize 5. Develop Policies and Plans 6. Enforce 7. Link 8. Assure 9. Evaluate 10. Research |
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What does Monitor mean in regards to public health services?
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Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
Example: Immtrax for immunization registries |
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What does Diagnose and Investigate mean in regards to public health services?
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Huge list of reportable diseases, your responsibility to report
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What does Inform and Educate mean in regards to public health services?
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Being involved in making sure you as a practitioner help the community become aware of issues.
Example: giving a speech about breast cancer during awareness month |
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Why do policies and plans have to be developed in regards to public health services?
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Have to prove the need for a change to happen
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Who is mainly responsible for Enforcement in regards to public health services?
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Police
We may have to quarantine a patient, but the police will effectively take control if the patient is non-compliant |
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What does Link mean in regards to public health services and who is mainly responsible for this?
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Making sure everyone has access to healthcare (including rides to appts)
Social Workers and Case managers are key |
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What are the reasons why people do not change health risk behaviors?
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Change is hard
Humans are not always logical Information alone is not always effective in motivating Health risk behaviors are intrinsically rewarding |
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If you "pile on" information, admonishments, and dire predictions during the change process what may increase for the patient?
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Discomfort, humiliation, shame and guilt, anxiety, loss, rejection, threat, resistance
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What are some positive results to engaging in "patient centered" strategies during the change process?
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comfort, acceptance, collaboration, empowerment
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Why do people decide to change?
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Natural
Brief Intervention (scare tactics) Faith Practitioner Effects Waiting List Effects Change-Talk Effects |
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What is DARN CT? Give examples of each
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Desire to change: want, like, wish
Ability to change: can, could Reason to change: if.....then Need to change: need to, have to, got to Commit to change: decision, promise Taking steps to change |
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What are some examples of resistance talk?
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behavioral, interpersonal, a signal of dissonance, predictive of a non-change
arguing: challenging, hostility, discounting interrupting: talking over the counselor ignoring: inattention, changing the subject |
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What are things that you do as a practitioner that increase resistance talk?
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Arguing for a change, assuming the expert role, criticizing/blaming/shaming, labeling the clients behavior, being in a hurry, claiming to know whats best
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What are the 6 stages of change?
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Precontemplation, Contemplation, Decision, Action, Maintenance, Relapse,
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Give an example of someone in the precontemplation stage of change
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Someone eating a high fat diet and not even realizing it's bad
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Give an example of someone in the contemplation stage of change
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Someone mentioning that they really don't like smelling like cigarette smoke all of the time.
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Give an example of someone in the decision stage of change
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Sitting down to make a plan to cut back on eating fatty foods, possibly trying to incorporate other foods into their diet as a replacement
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Give an example of someone in the action stage of change
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measurable goals: like Dr. Neibuhr checking off what he had accomplished at the gym
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What is important to stress to the patient about the relapse stage of change?
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That is MAY happen, but it's completely okay if it does. Help them know it doesn't completely derail their progress.
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What are the 3 beliefs of the harm reduction approach?
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1. excessive behaviors are on a continuum of risk from minimal to extreme
2. changing an addictive behavior is a stepwise process, complete sobriety is the final. 3. Sobriety is not for everyone |
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What are the objectives of the harm reduction approach?
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1. mitigate potential dangers and health risks
2. reduce harm associated with the behavior (smoking, sedentary lifestyles) |
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What does the harm reduction approach require of practitioners?
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1. accept limitations of our influence
2. respect patient’s control and autonomy 3. accept and respect behavior and health outcomes that may conflict with our values 4. accept harm reduction rather than cure |
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What does the Decisional Balance Matrix assess?
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the willingness of the patient to change or not change based on the cost and benefits
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What is a simple reflection?
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restates the patient comment, doesn't add information or intensity
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What is a complex reflection?
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Selects a point for emphasis, restates contradictory point, adds intensity
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What are the 5 R's for motivation of smoking cessation?
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Relevance, Risk, Reward, Roadblocks, Repetition
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What does Relevance mean in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
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the patient’s disease status or risk which includes: family/social situation, health concerns, age, gender, and other important patient characteristics
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What does Risk mean in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
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shortness of breath, exacerbation of asthma or bronchitis, respiratory infections, harm to pregnancy, heart attacks and strokes, lung and other cancers, COPD
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What does Reward mean in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
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improved health, food will taste better, saving money, feel better about self, setting good example for children, have healthier babies, feel better physically
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What are some Roadblocks in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
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- withdrawal symptoms, fear of failure, weight gain, lack of support, depression, enjoyment of tobacco, being around other tobacco users, limited knowledge of effective treatment options
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What screening question best identifies drug use in a primary care setting?
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How many times in the past year have you used an illegal drug, or used a prescription medication for non-medical reasons?
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What grade recommendation did the USPSTF give in regards to alcohol counseling intervention for adolescents and adults?
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B
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How many drinks (men/women) does it take to be considered a risky/hazardous drinker?
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7+ drinks/week or 3+ drinks/occasion for women and 14+ drinks/week or 4+ drinks/occasion for men
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What is harmful drinking?
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persons who are currently experiencing physical, social, or psychological harm from alcohol use but do not meet criteria for dependence
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Define Primary prevention as it pertains to diagnosing drug use/abuse
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The attempt to keep someone from the use/misuse of a drug.
(In adolescents with abusing parents, make sure they are aware of their likelihood for use and what they can do to avoid it) |
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Define relapse prevention as it pertains to diagnosing/treating drug abuse
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the attempt to keep someone from going back to substance use/misuse after a period of sobriety
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What are the most commonly abused prescriptions in the US?
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Opioids account for 50%
Pyschotherapeutics 33% #1. oxycodone (175,949) #2. hydrocodone (104,490) #3. methadone (70,637) |
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What are screening tests for alcohol abuse
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CAGE, AUDIT
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What are the criteria for substance dependence?
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3 or more in 12 months
Increasing amount taken desire or unsuccessful cut down excessive time spend obtaining, using, recovering social, occupational, recreational activities reduced continued use despite legal/social/medical problems |
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What three demographics of patients should you attempt Primary Prevention of substance abuse?
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Teens/Preteens, Geriatrics, chronic pain pts.
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Define drug misuse
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not taking as directed; not seeking a high
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Define drug abuse
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willfull self administration seeking a high
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Define Responsible Sexual Behavior
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sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well being. Requires positive and respectful approach to sexuality and relationships w/pleasurable and safe experiences free of coercion, discrimination or violence. Sex rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.
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What percentage of pregnancies are unintended?
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49%
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Define method failure rate
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inherent failure rate when used 100% correctly
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Define typical failure rate
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factors in mistakes in usage (misuse)
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List the contraception methods
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Abstinence, barrier, chemical, hormonal, family planning, sterlization, post coital contraception
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What is the failure rate of chemical contraceptives?
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20-50% if used alone (much better if used along with other methods)
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What are the barrier forms of contraception and what are their failure rates?
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male condom-11%
female condom- 21% sponge - 29% diaphragms- 17% cervical cap- 17-23% |
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What is the main purpose of chemical contraception?
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Innactivate sperm
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of male condoms?
|
:) STD protection, use in combination, no Rx, backup
:( distracting, awkward, uncomfortable |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of female condoms?
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:) some STD protection, 6 hours before, no Rx
:( distracting, uncomfortable, high failure rate |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of the sponge?
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:) OTC, 20 minutes before, lubrication
:( high failure rate, messy |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of diaphragms?
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:) privacy, 6 hours after removal, use w/spermicides
:( Rx and fitting, UTI |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of the cervical cap?
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:) privacy (48 hours)
:( Rx and fitting, needs spermicide, disloging, less effective after PG |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of chemical methods of contraception?
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:) privacy, variety, use in conjunction w/other forms
:( irritation, high failure rate, messy |
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What is the most used reversible form of contraception
|
the pill
|
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What are the contraindications for OCP's/the Ring/the Patch?
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>35 smoker, Hx of CVA, TED, CAD, breast cancer or liver disease
|
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What are the failure rates of OCP, the Ring, the Patch, Depo, Implants, IUD
|
OCP: <1%
Ring 1-2% Patch <1% Dep <1% Implants 0% IUD <1% |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages to OCP?
|
:) reversible, other benefits, continual use, decreases endometrial/cervical CA risk
:( daily scheduled use, Rx, cost |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages to the Ring?
|
:) reversible, other benefits, local administration, less side effects
:( Rx, irritative, high cost, UTI risk |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages to the patch?
|
:) reversible, additional benefits
:( Rx, high VTE risk, cost, displacement |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages to a progestin only contraceptive?
|
:) safe in lactating females, those with estrogen contraindicators
:( weight gain, bone loss, depression |
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of the Depo shot?
|
:) no daily pill
:( weight gain, breakthrough bleeding, headache, depression, bone loss, mood changes, Rx |
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What are the contraindicators for the Depo shot?
|
Hx of breast CA or osteoporosis
|
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of Implant contraception?
|
:) works for 3 years, privacy, reversible
:( Rx, irregular bleeding, weight gain |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of an IUD?
|
:) lasts 5 years, helps w/dysmenorrhea, privacy, no estrogen
:( placed in office, have to sign consent form |
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What are the contraindicators for an IUD?
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non monogamous, high STD risk, acute pelvic infections
|
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How long does a copper IUD last?
|
12 years
|
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What are the advantages/disadvantages to family planning?
|
:) self knowledge of cycles
:( 20% failure rate, doesn't work w/women with irregular cycles, frequent body function monitoring, time |
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages to post coital contraception?
|
:) use in unprotected sex, no Rx, pill, 80% effective
:( nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache |
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What are the most unreliable forms of contraception?
|
Coitus interruptus, douching, lactation prolongation
|
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What are the top 4 most common HAI's?
|
UTI, surgical site wound infection, pneumonia, bacteremia
|
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Define perceived susceptibility and give an exmaple of it. What model (and level) is it under
|
Health Belief Model (Intrapersonal Level)
Opinion of ones chance of contraction. Ex: teenager's sense of immortality |
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Define perceived severity and give an example. What model/level is it under?
|
Health Belief model, intrapersonal level
Opinion of how serious a condition is. Ex: teenager gets shot and didn't realize how badly it would hurt because of media exposure to it |
|
Define perceived benefit. To what model/level does it apply?
|
Health Belief Model, Intrapersonal level
opinion of efficacy of advised action to reduce risk |
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Define perceived barriers and give an example. What model/level is it under?
|
Health belief model, intrapersonal level.
One's opinion of tangible and psychiatric cost. Ex: family smokes and makes it hard for one of them to quit. |
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Define cues to action, what model/level is it under?
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Health Belief model, intrapersonal level
Strategies to activate readiness |
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Define self-efficacy and give an example. What model/level is it in?
|
Health Belief model,(intrapersonal level) AND Cognitive Theory (Interpersonal Level)
Patient's level of confidence in ability to make a change. Ex: smoking cessation programs |
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What are the 6 stages of the Health Belief model?
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Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy
|
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What are the 6 stages of the Social-Cognitive theory?
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Reciprocal determinism, Behavioral compatability, expectations, self efficacy, observational learning, reinforcement.
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Define reciprocal determinism and explain it.
What Theory is it a part of and what level? |
Social-Cognitive Theory, Interpersonal Level
Behavior change between a person and environment (bi-directional). A person can modify their environment just as much as the environment can change the person |
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Define behavioral capability and give an example. What theory is it a part of?
|
Social Cognitive Theory.
Knowledge/skill to make a change. Ex: weight loss, can't just use the hardest workout the first time you try it. |
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Define expectations. What theory is it a part of?
|
Social-Cognitive Theory.
Beliefs about likely results of action, need to think they can work. |
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Define observational learning. What theory is it a part of?
|
Social Cognitive Theory.
Beliefs based on observing others |
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Define reinforcement, what theory is it a part of ?
|
Social Cognitive Theory
Reinforce/reward positive behavior. |
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Define pre-contemplation and give an example. What theory is it a part of?
|
Trans-theoretical Model
unaware of the problem. Ex: heavy card/fat diet and don't think it's a problem. |
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Define contemplation and give an example. What theory is it a part of?
|
Trans-theoretical Model
thinking about a change in the near future. Ex: "Ive been thinking about...." |
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Define devision/determination and state what model it falls under.
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Trans-theoretical model
Making a plan to change. |
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Define action and state what model it falls under.
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Trans-theoretical model
implement plans: measurable goals |
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Define maintenance and state what model it falls under.
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Trans-theoretical model
Continuation of desireable action, relapses can happen. |
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What are the 5 stages of change in the Trans-Theoretical Model?
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Pre-contemplation, Contemplation, Decision/Determination, action, maintenance (relapse)
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What is the failure rate of family planning?
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20%
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What is the goal of Tertiary disease prevention?
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Limit morbidity or rehabilitate
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What percent of women practice some form of birth control?
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64%
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After 35 years of age, what percent of pregnancies are unintended?
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30%
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What are the FAM Symptothermal methods?
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Temperature, cervical mucous, calendar
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What are the goals of the HP 2020 when it comes to arthritis, osteoporosis and chronic back pain?
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Reduce the mean level of joint pain among adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis.
Increase the proportion of adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis who receive provider counseling. Reduce the proportion of adults with osteoporosis. |
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What are the risk factors for drug abuse in children?
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physical/sexual abuse
substance abusing parents ADD or school problems |
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How many people remain smoke free after a year with therapy (counseling)?
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30%
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