Hp Midterm 2 Hard

Front 1

Know the contributing factors to the high CVD rates in African American women

Back 1

Obesity, High sodium intake, High fat diet, Misperceptions about severity of hypertension, cost of treatment, lower access to health care, possibly low birth weight

Front 2

Know the risks of Southern living for poor African Americans

Back 2

Population density,
lack of access to health care, high-crime neighborhoods, Decrepit /old housing, environmental hazards, ethnic/racial stress, social injustice

Front 3

Know the components for primary prevention of CVD in ethnic minority women

Back 3

Culturally competent health care education, Health promotion, lifestyle change, Primary prevention is the key to decreasing CVD mortality
• Tobacco prevention
• Physical activity
• Nutrition
• Stress reduction

Front 4

Know the factors that affect the health status of African American women,
Ethnic minority women, higher risk factors than white women

Back 4

• High blood pressure
• Tobacco use
• High cholesterol
• Sedentary/ inactive lifestyle
• Poor nutrition

Front 5

Know some of the stressors that have disrupted traditional male roles in Eastern Europe

Back 5

Sudden economic changes after political changes in Eastern Europe turmoil / chaos.
Loss of job security, breadwinner status
Break-up of social relations
Stigma of asking for help
Faced with stress, men engage in behaviors consistent with traditional masculine roles: smoking, drinking, not seeking help.

Front 6

know about Biological Behavioral and Social Risk Factors for CVD

Back 6

Biological - hereditary, genetic factors, obesity, gender, hypertension, high serum cholesterol, diabetes
Behavioral - smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol
Social risk:
– In US
• education among men associated with Decline in CHD.
• inverse relationship between CHD and education for women.
– In Canada
• inverse relationship between CVD and neighborhood’s wealth.

Front 7

Principals of social welfare policies, (social, economical and policies related to delivery of services)

Back 7

Government has fundamental role in shaping better health and narrowing inequities through:
a. supportive public policies including:
i. a basic core of publicly supported services
ii. income supplements
iii. social insurance.
Barriers include discrimination, poverty, and inequality.

Front 8

Resources that are basic to health

Back 8

i. Affordable housing
ii. Nutritious food
iii. Safe, peaceful environment
iv. Full employment
v. Opportunities for a meaningful role in the society
vi. Educational information throughout the life span

Front 9

What the world needs to do to control AIDS in 21st century

Back 9

-Improve prevention technologies where the epidemic spreading
-Improved barrier methods (condoms use friendly)
-Female control method of protection (Microbicides)
-Improved diagnostic and treatment strategies for amplifying cofactors (STD)

Front 10

Know Author’s policy frame work for AIDS for 21st century

Back 10

Create the necessary policy and biomedical tools to stop HIV epidemics :
a. Information
i. global reporting
ii. Global monitoring
iii. Prevention education
b. Political commitment, Politicians must be accountable and make commitment for long-term benefits
i. Awareness & openness
ii. Providing adequate resources at the early stage
iii. Responses must be broad and use all available expertise
c. Better use of existing technologies
i. Correct use of male and female condom
ii. Treating sexually transmitted infection
iii. Providing clean needle for injection
iv. Access to counseling and testing
v. Treating HIV-infected female with AZT and Neverapine
d. New technologies: academic and public sector research institutions are excellent, new prevention technologies are necessary
i. Develop products such a vaccines
ii. Adequate budgeting for new vaccine product
iii. Worldwide effort to create necessary new tools

Front 11

What are the five steps the author recommends for stopping epidemic of emerging infections such as HIV/AIDS:

Back 11

 Global reporting
 Prevention education
 Political commitment for long-term benefits
 Better use of existing technologies
 New prevention technologies

Front 12

Know why treatment and the development of a vaccine for HIV/AIDS are especially difficult

Back 12

HIV/AIDS can mutate.
• Most effective vaccines are whole-killed or live-attenuated organisms; killed HIV-1 does not retain antigenicity and the use of a live retrovirus vaccine raises safety issues.
• Most vaccines protect against infections that are infrequently encountered; HIV may be encountered daily by individuals at high risk.
• Most vaccines protect against infections through mucosal surfaces of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract; the great majority of HIV infection is through the genital tract.

Front 13

risk factors for HIV/AIDS

Back 13

Having unprotected sex, another STD, using IVdrugs, are uncircumcised.

Front 14

Know what “opportunistic infections” are in HIV/AIDS

Back 14

tuberculosis, MAC, bacterial pneumonia and septicaemia (blood poisoning). cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and herpes zoster virus. Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Front 15

Know about the characteristics of benign tumors

Back 15

• Are not dangerous in themselves
• They do not spread (Purely expansive with capsules)
• Their cells stick together
• Often they are encapsulated
• They grow as a single mass within a tissue
• Some benign tumors can be harmful (Brain)
• No Metastasis

Front 16

Know about the characteristics of malignant tumors

Back 16

Tumor spreads to neighboring tissues or to distant parts of the body
 Malignant tumor can cause death no matter where they occur
 Cancer sends out extensions into neighboring tissue (like crab)
 Cancer spread seeds (cancer cells) by blood or lymph
 Cancer seeds grow (metastasize) when they reach their destination
 Grow much more rapidly than benign tumors
 Are not capsulated
 Poorly differentiated
 Abnormal growth
 two main categories of Malignant tumors:
 Carcinoma: Most common form of cancer originates in the outer layer of cells surrounding any organ
 Sarcoma: Cancers of connective tissues of all kinds and may be found anywhere in the body. Cells usually spread by the blood

Front 17

Know about different risk factors for cancer

Back 17

i. Physiological risk factors
ii. External risk factors
iii. Socio-cultural risk factors

Front 18

Know about different external risk factors for cancer

Back 18

i. Tobacco
ii. Radiation
iii. Chemicals
iv. Infectious organisms (HIV, HPV)

Front 19

Know about gender survival rates of lung cancer and the reasons

Back 19

Chances of survival higher for women at all stages. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the newer targeted therapies, Tarceva (erlotinib), also appears to be more effective for women, especially younger women.

Front 20

Know how rates of cancer differ between Hispanic women and non-Hispanic European American women

Back 20

33.5/100k for Hispanic, non Hispanic was 420/100k

Front 21

Know two major causes of death whose effects are now increasing rapidly.

Back 21

HIV and Tobacco