Hort 1001 Lecture 7

Front 1

Cell Wall

Back 1

A rigid membrane that contains cellulose (a carbohydrate that is indigestible for humans). The cell wall is the outer covering of the cell.

Front 2

True or False: Cell Walls are only found in plant cells

Back 2

True

Front 3

Cell Membrane

Back 3

A flexible membrane made up of layers of protein and lipid (fats and oils).

Front 4

The cell membrane is semi-permeable. What does this mean?

Back 4

The cell membrane is semi-permeable (it allows select compounds in and out, but not others). If the cell were like a bicycle tire, the cell wall would be the thick, protective outer tire tread part and the cell membrane would be the inner tube part.

Front 5

Chloroplast

Back 5

An organelle that contains chlorophyll.

Front 6

Where is light captured in the plant cell, causing the first step in photosynthesis?

Back 6

In the chloroplast

Front 7

Mitochondria

Back 7

An organelle where stored sugars are burned to produce forms of energy that the plant can use for growth. All cells have many mitochondria.

Front 8

What is the technical name for the "cell's power plant?"

Back 8

Mitochondria

Front 9

Nucleus

Back 9

An organelle that contains the chromosomes and genetic information.

Front 10

Chromosone

Back 10

Contain the genetic code that is carried within each cell and that directs which chemical reactions are turned on and off in the cell. Chromosomes are also the hereditary material passed on to new cells and to subsequent generations. Each cell has one nucleus.

Front 11

Vacuole

Back 11

An organelle containing fluids including stored chemical energy like starch and waste products. The vacuole takes up much of the cell volume and gives shape to the cell.

Front 12

Cytoplasm

Back 12

The fluid inside the cell membrane in which the organelles and other plant cell parts are suspended.

Front 13

Middle Lamella

Back 13

A material containing pectin that forms between cells and that cements the cell wall of one cell to the cell wall of an adjacent cell.

Front 14

Tissue

Back 14

Group of cells that share a function.

Front 15

Dermal Tissue

Back 15

Located on outside of the plant and provide protection for the plant cells they surround.

Front 16

Dermal tissue cells contain cell walls that are ___ to protect from extreme conditions.

Back 16

Dermal tissue cells contain cell walls that are THICK to protect from extreme conditions.

Front 17

Dermis cells in the shoot contain ___.

Back 17

Dermis cells in the shoot contain cutin.

Front 18

What is a key difference between dermis cells in the shoot and dermis cells in the root?

Back 18

Dermis cells in the shoot contain cutin while those in the root do not.

Front 19

Cutin

Back 19

Waxy polymer that coats the cell wall. It limits atmospheric water loss (don’t usually exist in roots because roots are less prone to dehydration).

Front 20

Epidermis

Back 20

Outermost layer of cells that is usually one cell thick with few chloroplasts in the cells.

Front 21

Guard cells

Back 21

Open to form a stomata (hole) through which gases can move into and out of the deeper cell layers in the leaf.

Front 22

Trichomes

Back 22

Hairs in the epidermis that extend out from the plant.

Front 23

True or False: Root has dermal tissue with epidermis cells but there is NO CUTIN, GUARD CELLS OR TRICHOMES PRESENT!

Back 23

True

Front 24

Cortex Tissue

Back 24

Found just inside the epidermis and extends toward the interior of the stem and root.

Front 25

Pith

Back 25

Some plants (not all) contain cortex tissue in the center of the stem

Front 26

What is the main function of cortex cells?

Back 26

To provide support for stems.

Front 27

4 Types of Dermal Tissues/Cells

Back 27

1. Epidermis

2. Root Hair

3. Trichomes

4. Guard Cells

*ALL ARE ALIVE

Front 28

3 Types of Cortex Tissues/Cells

Back 28

1. Parenchyma (alive)

2. Collenchyma (alive)

3. Sclerenchyma (dead)

Front 29

8 Types of Vascular Tissues/Cells

Back 29

1. Vessel Elements

2. Tracheids

3. Xylem Fibers

4. Xylem Parenchyma

5. Sieve Tube Member

6. Companion Cell

7. Phloem Fibers

8. Phloem Parenchyma

Front 30

Mesophyll

Back 30

Tissue located inside the epidermis. It is the site of most photosynthesis reactions in the leaf.

Front 31

Parenchyma

Back 31

Most common cortex cell, can divide to heal wounds and initiate adventitious root growth. It is also a storage for nutrients and the site for photosynthesis.

Front 32

Collenchyma

Back 32

Thickened (yet flexible) walls for boosted strength. The cells connect together to form strands that provide support for young tissues (like strands on celery) and they can respond to external stimuli such as wind.

Front 33

Sclerenchyma

Back 33

Contains a primary and secondary wall and come in two types (fibers and sclerids)

Front 34

Primary cell wall

Back 34

On outside of cell and is rich in cellulose

Front 35

Secondary cell wall

Back 35

Forms inside the primary cell wall after the cell has reached its final size

Front 36

High ___ concentration that gives the cell rigidity - provides hardness and strength

Back 36

High LIGNIN concentration that gives the cell rigidity - provides hardness and strength

Front 37

True or False: Sclerenchyma are typically dead at maturity and can thicken in response to external stimulus the way collenchyma can

Back 37

False: Sclerenchyma ypically dead at maturity and DO NOT thicken in response to external stimulus the way collenchyma can

Front 38

Fibers

Back 38

Formed from long strands of sclerenchyma and give the plant rigidity. They are also extracted to use in fabrics, flax-based linen, carpets and rope.

Front 39

Sclerids

Back 39

Cover cells with hard, tough cell walls.

Ex: They form hard covering around the seeds of stone fruits (like cherry and peach pits), the hard shell around walnuts and the covering of coconut

Front 40

Vascular Tissues

Back 40

Form the plumbing system in the plant through which water, nutrients and other compounds flow.

Front 41

Vascular Bundles

Back 41

Bundles of vascular tissues that come together.

Front 42

True or False: Xylem and phloem are composed of different types of cells.

Back 42

True

Front 43

Xylem

Back 43

Moves water in the plant in a unidirectional form from the stem up to the leaf

Front 44

True or False: Wood is made of phloem.

Back 44

False: Wood is made of XYLEM.

Front 45

Vascular Tissue is divided into 3 different types of tissue. Name them.

Back 45

1. Xylem

2. Phloem

3. Vascular Cambium

Front 46

What are the 4 different types of xylem tissue cells?

Back 46

1. Vessels

2. Tracheid

3. Xylem Fibers

4. Xylem Parenchyma

Front 47

What are the 4 different types of phloem tissue cells?

Back 47

1. Sieve Tube Members

2. Companion Cells

3. Phloem Fibers

4. Phloem Parenchyma

Front 48

Vessels

Back 48

Elongated cells that are dead at maturity and are perforated at end walls so water can move through. They have a large diameter and allow greater movement of water.

Front 49

Tracheids

Back 49

Elongated cells that are dead at maturity. They are narrower than vessels and contain pits for water movement. They are primitive.

Front 50

Xylem Fibers

Back 50

Located near the vessels and tracheids and are a part of the vascular bundle. They are strung together end to end with no pits or perforations. They provide flexible support for the plant within bundles but DO NOT move water!

Front 51

Xylem Parenchyma

Back 51

Located around vascular bundles and extend through the xylem/woody parts (horizontally). They develop into rays moving LATERALLY from center to exterior (unlike other vascular cells) and conduct water through the wood (xylem).

Front 52

True or False: Phloem flow is bidirectional among leaf, stem and root.

Back 52

True

Front 53

Phloem

Back 53

Moves nutrients taken up by the roots to other parts of the plant. Phloem also moves sugars manufactured in leaves through photosynthesis along with other compounds such as plant hormones (auxin).

Front 54

Sieve Tube Members

Back 54

Elongated cells that join end to end to form tubes for liquid passage. The ends of these have pores, and unlike xylem cells, are ALIVE. They also contain thin cell membrane with layer of living protoplasm that hugs the cell wall.

Front 55

Companion Cells

Back 55

These cells are associated with sieve tube members and contain a nucleus. They may direct the metabolism of a sieve tube member.

Front 56

Phloem Fibers

Back 56

They are strung together end to end with no pits or perforations. They provide flexible support for the plant within bundles but DO NOT move water!

Front 57

Phloem Parenchyma Cells

Back 57

Adjoin sieve tube cells.

Front 58

Vascular cambium

Back 58

Meristematic region where new vascular tissues originate in plants with secondary growth.

Front 59

Give an example of a vascular cambium specie

Back 59

Tree

Front 60

Meristematic region

Back 60

Cells can divide to form new growth.