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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Equine stomach parasites
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Gasterophilus intestinalis
Gasterophilus nasalis Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis Drashcia megastoma Habronema muscae H. majus Trichostrongylus axei |
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Equine small intestine parasites
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Parascaris equorum
Strongyloides westeri Anoplocephala magna Anoplocephala perfoliata Paranoplocephala mamillana Eimeria leuckarti Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Equine large intestine parasites
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Strongylus equinus
Strongylus edentatus Strongylus vulgaris Triodontophorus spp. Cyathostomes Oxyuris equi Anoplocephala perfoliate Trichomonas equi Horse ciliates |
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Equine Liver parasites
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Fasciola hepatica
Echinococcus granulosus Heterobilharzia americana |
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Equine kidney parasites
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Klossiella equi
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Equine Abdominal cavity parasites
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Setarai equina
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Equine Respiratory system parasites
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Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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Equine Nervous system parasites
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Thelazia lacrymalis
Sarcocycstis neurona Halicephalobus deletrix |
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Equine Cardiovascular system parasites
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Strongylus vulgaris
Trypanosoma evansi Trypanosoma equiperdum Babesia equi Babesia caballi |
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Equine Musculoskeletal system parasites
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Sarcocystis spp
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Equine Integument parasites
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Onchocereca spp
Draschia megastoma Habronema spp |
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Equine fly parasites
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Simulium
Culicoides Haematobia irritans Stomoxys calcitrans Musca domestica Musca autumnalis Tabanus spp Chrysops spp Aedes spp. Anopheles spp Culex spp Cochliomyia hominivorax Lucilia spp Calliphora spp |
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Equine lice parasites
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Haematopinus asini
Bovicola (Damalinia) equi |
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Equine Mites
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Sarcoptes scabiei
Chorioptes equi Psoroptes equi Demodex equi |
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Equine ticks
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Amblyomma americanum
Amblyomma maculatum Amblyomma albiptictus Dermacentor albipictus Dermacentor andersoni Dermacentor nitens Dermacentor occidnetalis Dermacentor variabilis Ixodes scapularis |
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Horse bot
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G. intestinalis
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G. intestinalis causes lesions in the
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esophagus and non-glandular stomach
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G. intestinalis lays her eggs where?
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On legs of horses
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G. intestinals passes what stage in the feces
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mature larvae
pupate on ground or in feces, |
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Chin or throat bot
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Gasterophilus nasalis
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G. nasalis attaches it eggs where
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In submandibular area of horse
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G. nasalis lavae attach where in the stomach?
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Glandular portion of stomach
Pyloric area |
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G. nasalis and G. intestinalis seasonal distribution times
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Sept, Oct, Nov
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Treat for G. nasalis and G intestinalis when
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30 days after first frost
use ivermectin |
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What stage of the fly do you treat/kill
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larva
adult flyies don't feed. |
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Non pesticide prevention of bots
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Keep horses stabled during day. flies won't go in the barn or fly at night
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Draschia megastoma SF
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Spiruroidea
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D. megastoma life cycle
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indirect life cycle
Intermediate host is Musca domestica and stomoxys calcitrans |
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Musca domestica is IH for what horse parasites
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Draschia megastoma
Habronema muscae |
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Find Sraschia megastoma egss by
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sedimentation
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Draschia megastoma has what shaped pharnyx
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funnel shaped
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D. megastoma causes what lesions
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nodules or abscesses in fundus near margo plicata. Hundreds of worms within a nodule
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Habronema muscae SF
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Spiruroidea
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Habronema muscae life cycle
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indirect
Definitive host: equid IH musca domestica |
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H. muscae has what shaped pharnyx
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parallel sides
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Habronema majus life cycle
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indirect
IH: Stomoxys calcitrans DH: equids |
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Habronema majus pharnyx
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flask shaped
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Habronema majus leaves fly how
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crawls out of adult fly mouthparts on to feed, water, or on warm moist areas of horse
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Habronema eggs look how
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membrane over bent over larva - looks like paper clip
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Summer Sore is caused by
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Habronema majus
Cutaneous habronemiasis |
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Habronema spp cause
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mucoid gastritis
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Trichostrongylus axei SF
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Trichostrongyloidea
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Trichostrongylus axei has what characteristics
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Anterior excretory notch
oval thin shelled segmented eggs Males bursate with unequal spiculues |
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Trichostrongylus axei is common in
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horses housed with small ruminants
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Trhichostrongylus axei infective stage
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L3
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Trichostrongylus axei pathogenesis
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gastritis, hypersecretion of gastric mucus
Chronic hyperplastic gastritis Wart like thickening with central depression oand raised periphery |
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T. axei DX, TX, and control
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Thin shelled semented eggs,
all equine anthelmintics effective |
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Parascaris equorum SF
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Ascaroidea
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Parascaris equorum characteristics
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3 prominent lips
robust worms usually in foal Single shelled egg |
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Parascaris equorum infective stage
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L3
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Foal are usually infected by
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eggs from last seasons foals
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Parascaris equorum migration
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Hepato-tracheal migration
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Foals get Parascaris equorum by
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corpophagia
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If Parascaris equorum eggs are aquired by skin penetration, they are associated with
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Rhodococcus equi
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Parascaris equi is rarely seen in
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horses over 8 months old.
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Parascaris equi has what type of egg
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oval larvated egg
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Parascaris equi Tx, control
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most anthelmintics effective against adults
ivermectin/moxidectin prevents transmission to foals via milk, sanitation - remove dung piles |
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Anonplocephala magna
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GIANT tapeworm
large scolex, no lappets |
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Equine tapeworms IH
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oribatid, mite
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Equine tapeworm larva in IH
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cysticercoid
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Equine tapeworm characteristics
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mature segments are wider than long,
Single set of reproductive organs |
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Anoplocephala perfoliata
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lappetted tapeworm,
Small scolex |
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Paranoplocephala mamillana characteristics
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small scolex
no lappets |
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Horse tapeworm life cycle
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Gravid segments passed from host
hexacanth onchosphere ingested by IH Cystecercoid in IH IH eaten by horse |
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Horse tapeworm PPP
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6 weeks
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Horse tapeworm clinical signs
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very few
possbile obstruction of ileocaecal valve mild colic intussusception with A. perfoliata ill thrift |
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Horse tapeworm dx
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sugar flotation
segments |
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Horse tapworm tx
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pyrantel pamoate 2x dose
praziquantel Nitrazoxanide |
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Eimeria leuckarti
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Only eimeria of equids in NA
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Emeria leuckarti only infects
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foals
NOT in adults |
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Eimeria leuckarti oocyst characteristics
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Dark rough, thick walled oocyst, flattened at narrow end, distinct micropyle
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Horse coccidia
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cryptosporidium parvum
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Sporulation of Cryptosporidium parvum occurs
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in the host
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Cryptosporidium oocyst characteristics
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small
infective when shed environmentally resistant |
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Cyrptosporidium oocysts attach to
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microvillus border of intestine, primarily ileum and respiratory epithelial cells
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Cryptosporidium parvum causes disease in
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foals with aquired immunodeficiency
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Horse Large intestine strongyles
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Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus edentatus Strongylus equinus |
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Stongyles are
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blood worm from SF Strongyloidea
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Strongylus larva
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migrate extensively
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Stongylus characteristics
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anterior leaf crown
goble chaped buccal cavity with or without teeth Males bursate |
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Stongylus vulgaris characteristics
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infects cranial mesenteric artery
adults in cecum 1 pair of rounded teeth at base of dorsal gutter |
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Strongylus edentatus characteristics
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liver, abdominal flank
no teeth, Rt ventral colon |
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Strongylus equinus
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liver abdomen
cecum/rt ventral colon 2 pair pointed teeth at base of dorsal gutter |
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Strongylus life cycle
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direct
segmented eggs in feces L3 larvae move up grass and eaten by horse |
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Stronglus vulgaris L4 ascends
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through cranial mesenteric artery and molts to L5 in 120 days.
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Tx for Strongylus vulgaris
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2X dose every 5 days, kills the larvae in migration
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Strongylus edentatus life cycle
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L3 enters intestinal mucosa, to liver, grows in liver, returns to gut
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All 3 horse Strongylus cause
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nodules in the intestine.
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Strongylus equinus leaves liver via
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hepatic ligament
returns to gult vy direct penetration |
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Main disease of Strongylus vulgaris larvae in horses is
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Arteritis
Forms thrombi and emboli in cranial mesenteric artery ulcerations, infarctions |
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S. ednetatus and equinus larvae cause
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Hemorrhagic tracts: liver, pancreas-pancreatitis, kidney
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Non-migratory strongules/Cyathostomes
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Mucosal migration
Bucal cavity large, not goblet Leaf crowns Thin shelled segmented eggs |
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Small horse strongyles
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Oesophagondontus
Triodontophorus Craterostomum |
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Horse Cyathostomes
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Cyathostomum
Cylicodontophorus Cylicocylcus Cylicostephanus Poeteiorstomum Gyalocephalus |
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Cyathostome pathogenesis
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nodules in LI by larvae
adults feed on mucosa Many nodules rupture at one time releasing larvae at one time Colitis/perforation |
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Cyathostomiosis syndrome
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seen in younger horses (1 - 4 yrs)
Weight loss, mechanical damage, release of vasoactive amines malabsorption weight loss |
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Cyathostomiosis TX
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oxibendazole 2X for 5 consecutive days
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Horse immunity to helminths can be compromised by
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malnutrition
lacation undeveloped immune system continuous high challege |
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Cyathostome disease most often occurs in
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spring due to overwintering
Lavae from one season infect the next |
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Hypobiosis of Cyathostomes accomplish what 2 things
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escape of unfavorable weather conditions
competition limiting factor |
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Horse pinworms
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Oxyroidea
Oxyuris equi |
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O. equi infects
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Colon, rectum
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O. equi egg
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Larvated, 85 um long, colorless, slightly flattened on one side with mucoid plug at one end larvated when passed
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Oxyruris equi life cycle
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direct
Gravid female in rectum Horse scratches against post, ingest eggs |
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O. equi PPP
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4 months
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Oxyuris equi pathogenesis
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Perianl pruritus - eggs stuck to skin
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O. equi TX
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Corticosteroid for pruritus
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LI protozoa
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Trichomonas equi - Sarcomastigophora
Ciliates |
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Trichomonas equi characteristics
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single vesicular nucleus, undulating membrane and anterior flagella
Corkscrew motility |
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Trichomonas is
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a normal inhabitant of the cecum of horses
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Horse LI ciliates are
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Commensal symbiont
75 species |
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Horse LI ciliate transmission
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Per os
Prophozoites only, no cysts |
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Horse liver parasites
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Fascilola, Echinococcus, Heterobilharzia
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Fasciola hepatica
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common liver fluke
Trematode Indirect life cycle IH amphibious snails |
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Fasciola hepatica DX
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large golden operculate eggs/sediment
|
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Hydatid cyst
cestode cyclophillidea Taeniidae |
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Echinococcus granulosus is primarily in
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European horses
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Echinococcus granulosus clinical signs
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not constant or often seen
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Echinococcus granulosus Dx
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opaque hydatid cyst
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Heterobilharzia americana
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Fluke in Mesenteric vessles
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H. americana host is
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raccoon
IH is lymnaeid snail |
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H. americana eggs end up
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trapped in the liver producing a granuloma
Starry night pattern in livers |
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Horse kidney parasites
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Klossiella equi
Apicomplexa protozoa |
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Klossiella equi host is
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horse, ass, zebra
commensal |
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Klossiella Life cycle
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Direct
infective stage: sporulated sporocyst |
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K equi enters urine by
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rupture of host tubule cell
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Horse abdominal cavity parasite
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Setaria equina
Filaroidea |
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Setaria equina life cycle
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Indirect
DH horse IH Stomoxys calcitrans |
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Setaria equina normally found
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in peritoneal cavity
may go to scrotum, anterior chamber of eye |
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Seterai equina is normally
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non-pathogenic, except in eye
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Horse Respiratory tract parasites
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Dictyocaulus arnfieldi - lungworm
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Dictocaulus arnfieldi life cycle
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Direct
L1 passed in feces L3 PO |
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Dictocaulus arnfieldi migration
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via lymphatics to lungs
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Patent infection of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi is in
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Donkeys
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D. arnfieldi clinical signs
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Chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, Eosinophilia
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Horse nervous system parasites
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Thelazia lacrymalis : Spiroruroidea
Sarcocystis neurona: apicomplexa Halicephalobus delatrix |
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Thelazia lacrymalis location
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orbital region
conjunctiva under inctating membrane or lachrymal duct |
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Thelazia lacrymalis life cycle
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Female produces larvae within a very thin membrane
L1 ingested by fly L3 escapes fly while feeding |
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Thelazia lacrymalis treatment
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None
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Sarcocystis neurona characteristics
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Apicomplexa
Equine Protozoal Myelitis - EPM |
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Horse is _____ host for Sarcocystits
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abnormal host - normally possum
Horse eats sporulated sporocysts |
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Equine Protozoal Myelitis
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incoordination, abnormal behavior
muscle atrophy |
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EPM clinically resembles
but is different ____- |
Toxoplasma, Neospora, or viral enchephalitis (WNV, EEE, WEE, VEE)
serologically |
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Sarcocystis neurona life cycle
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indirect
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Sarcocystis DX
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Postmortem
Cerebral spinal fluid useful HX, Normally younger adult horses under stress |
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Sarcocystitis TX
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Pyrimehtamine
ponazuril |
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Sarcocystitis prevention
|
prevent opossums from having access to horse feed
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Halicephalobus deletrix
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Rhabditoidea
normally free living |
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Halicephalobus deletrix
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Inflammation of nasal maxiallry region, brain kidney, limbs have been reported
|
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Halicephalobus deletrix adults
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don't need to mate, just reproduce
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Cardiovascular system horse parasites
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Strongylus
Trypanosoma Babesia |
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Strongylus vularis cardio involvement
|
Strongyloidea
arteritis/thrombi and emboli in cranial mesenteric arteries |
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Trypanosoma horse parasite
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Sarcopastigophora
Salivarian trypanosome |
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Trypanosoma IH has what stage
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epimastigote
|
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Trypanosoma stage in mammalian host
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trypomastigote
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Trypanosoma species
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T. brucei - tstse flies
T. evansi biting flies T. equiperdum - venereal |
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T. evansi occurs where
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N. Africa, Southern Asia
Central and S America |
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T. evansi biological transmission
|
Vampire bat
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T. evansi mechanical transmission
|
interrupted feeding of biting flies or vampire bat
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T. evansi clinical signs
|
intermittent fever, watery discharge from eyes and nose
Edematous swellings of abdomen, genitalia and legs |
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Babesia horse species
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Babesia caballi - large
Babesia equi - small |
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Babesia horse vectors
|
Dermacentor nitens
Dermacentor ablipictus Dermacentor variabilis |
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Babesia equine clinical signs
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Fever, anemia, icterus, posterior paralysis
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Babesia equi species
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Horses, donkeys and mules
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B. equi is also called
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Theileria equi
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B. equi is found in
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Europe, Asia, Africa and SA
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B equi trophozoites are in
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RBC
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B. equi meronts are in
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lymphocytes
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B. equi causes
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fever, conjuctivities, swelling of eyelids, icterus, hemoglobinuria, emaciation
|
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B. equi transmission
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Ablyomma cajennense Dermacentor variabilis, Boophilus microplus
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Musculoskeletal horse parasites
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Sarcocystis
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Sarcocystis spp
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Sarcocystis bertrami
Sarcocystis fayeri Sarcocystis equicanis |
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Sarcocystis musculoskeletal spp don't cause
|
same disease as S. neurona
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Sarcocystis MS spp IH and DH
|
horse
Dog |
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Horse reproductive parasites
|
Trypanosoma equiperdum
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Horse integumentary system
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Onchocerca SF filaroidea
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Onchocerca spp
|
O. cervicalis
O. reticulata |
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Onchocerca cervicalis adult
|
in ligamentum nuchae
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Onchocerca reticulata
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adult in suspensory ligament
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Onchocerca penetrate
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between bundles of yellow elastic connective tissue fibers
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Onchocerca life cycle
|
indirect
vector Cullicoides spp PPP 4 -5 months |
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Onchocerca pathogenesis
|
Fistulous withers
Poll evil Skin lesions of head neck withers, chst and ventral midlin Karatitis, pruritic alopecia with depigmentation, papular eruption |
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Onchocerca seasonal outbreak
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April to October
|
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What treatment can cause problems with Onchocerca
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Ivermectin killling many microfilaria
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Habronema and Draschia cause what disease
|
Summer sores
Larvae in aberrant cutaneous location |
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Habronema/Draschia IH
|
house or stable flies infected wtih L3 larva
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H and D lesions seen in what season
|
warm seasons
|
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Equine fly ectoparasite
|
Diptera
Gasterophilus Muscadomestica Stomoxys calcitrans Haemotobia irritans Cochliomyia hominivorax Culicoides Blow flies Tabanids Simulium Mostquitoes |
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Musca domestica transmits what to horses
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Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae
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Stomoxys calcitrans transmits what to horses
|
Stable fly - biting fly
Draschia megastoma Habronema majus Trypanosoma evansi Equine infectious anemia virus |
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Haematobia irritans transmits what to horses
|
Horn fly
Irritation/stress |
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Chochliomyia hominivorax
|
new World screwworm
REPORTABLE:USDA |
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Blow flies on horses
|
Cochliomyia macerllaria
Paenicia sericata Phormia regina Lucilia and Calliphora |
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Blow flies are only a problem in
|
wounds
|
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Tabanids on horses
|
Tabanus - Horse flies
Chrysops - Deer flies Hybotmitra 0 Green heads |
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|
Tabanids transmit what to horses
|
Trypanosoma evansi
Equine Infectious Anemia virus |
|
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Simulium sp of flys on horses
|
Early spring/summer
transmit VEE |
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Culicoides spp and horses
|
Biting midgies
Transmit Onchocerca to horses Crepuscular/nocturnal periods |
|
|
Aedes/Anopheles/Culex
|
EEE, WEE, VEE and WNV
Setaria equi |
|
|
Horse lice
|
incomplete metamorphosis
Winter/cool weather - long hair Bovicola equi - only biting Haemopinus asini - horse/donkey sucking louse |
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Horse Ticks
|
Ixodidae
Amblyomma Dermacentor Ixodes Rhipicephalus Argasidae: Otobius megnini, Ornithodoros |
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Amblyomma americanum
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Lone Star Tick
Single white spot on base of scutum |
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Amblyomma maculatum
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Gulf Coast tick
Both male and female with extensive ornation |
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Amblyomma cajennense
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Cayenne Tick
Southern Texas to South America Vector for Babesia equi March - May |
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Dermacentor albipictus
|
winter tick
Active Nov to spring Babesia caballi |
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Dermacentor nitens
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Tropical horse tick
Tick worry Babesia caballi |
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Dermacentor andersoni, occidentalis
|
Tick worry
|
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Dermacentor variablis
|
American dog tick
Babesia equi Babesia caballi |
|
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Ixodes Scapularis
|
Anal groove
Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
|
Otobisu megnini
|
Spinose ear tick
May produce toxins that causes colic |
|
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Horse mites
|
Demodex equi
Chorioptes equi Psoroptes cunicul Sarcoptes scabiei |
|
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Demodex equi is
|
rare
|
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|
Chorioptes equi
|
leg mange horses
greasy heel tarsal suckers on short stalks |
|
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Psoroptes cuniculi
|
Mite in ear
head sensitivity |
|
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Sarcoptes scabiei
|
Cavalryman's itch
Dips and sprays Ivermectin NO Amatraz |
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Most common parasites in foals
|
Parascaris
Strongyloides Eimeria |
|
|
What horses have the most exposure to intermediate host flies?
|
Stalled
Habronema Oxyuris |
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What pasture control methods are recommended
|
Hay, shredding for compost or allowing other species to graze under utilized forage
|
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Periodic deworming at a set interval has what side effect
|
selects for resistance to antihelmentics
|
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Periodic deworming characteristics
|
Suppressive:Benzimidazole/pyrantel 4 -6 wks, Ivermectin 8 - 12 weeks, Moxidectin 16 weeks
Continuous - pyrantel daily Deworm every 3 - 4 months |
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Strategic deworming in the horse
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In Texas treat pastures in January, March and June
|
|
|
Selective deworming
|
only treat animals with high egg count
not year round |
|
|
Evaluating anthemintic efficacy
|
Before mean - after mean/before mean
|
|
|
Benzimidazole works in the equid for what parasites
|
Parascaris
|
|
|
Piperazine worms best on
|
Parascaris
|
|
|
Tetrahydropyrimidine
|
All but pin worm
|
|
|
Praziquantel
|
only tapeworms
|
|
|
Cyathosomes peak in
|
Spring
|
