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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is preventative medicine?
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Procedures done on a routine basis to protect and insure peak performance of a horse.
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What are some examples of preventative procedures?
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-deworming
-vaccinations -tooth care -hoof care -Coggins testing |
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Which horses have parasites?
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ALL horses except foals immediately after birth (no transplacental infections).
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What two situations can give rise to parasitic problems?
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-too many parasites (acute infestation)
-stress on host |
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What are some stress factors to a horse?
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-disease
-malnutrition -work -pregnancy -lactation -shipping |
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What injurious effects can parasites do? (6)
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-blood loss
-tissue destruction -mechanical obstruction -intoxification -competition for nutrition -carry disease |
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What affects the depth of injury from parasites?
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-number of parasites
-pathogenic potential -resistance status of host -acute vs chronic |
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What are some signs a horse has internal parasites?
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-underweight
-pot bellied -rough hair coat -dull, listless |
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What are the blood worms known as?
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Large strongyles
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What is the most common large strongyles?
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Strongylus vulgaris
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What is so important or damaging about Strongylus vulgaris?
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It migrates to the cranial mesenteric artery where it causes severe damage. Embolus' can come lose and lodge in a vessel causing necrosis of GI tract.
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What is the life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris?
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-adults in cecum/lg. colon where they suck blood and damage mucosa.
-eggs out in feces -eggs develop into infective larvae (can survive for months) -larvae ingested by horse -larvae undergo extensive migration to liver, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and then into cranial mesenteric artery. -when adults, they return to lg. colon |
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What is the name of colic possibly responsible for 90% of total colic cases?
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thromboembolic colic
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What are the small strongyles called? Are they problematic?
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cyathostomes are not very problematic.
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Where do you find adult cyathostomes?
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Since migration is limited to intestinal wall, adults are in cecum and intestestinal wall.
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How many species of cyathostomes are there? What are symptoms of them?
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40-50 species causing weight loss, diarrhea, and colic.
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What are roundworms commonly known as? What is their latin name.
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Ascarids. Parascaris equorum is latin name.
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Which horse most often have ascarids?
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Young horses under 2 y/o. (Resistance develops around 6 months of age.
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How large are roundworms?
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10-12" long, the largest of all equine endoparasites
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What is the ascarid life cycle?
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-adults in small intestine
-eggs out in feces -eggs ingested -larvae penetrate intestinal wall and migrate to lungs and liver -horse coughs up and swallows -matures in small intestine |
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Describe ascarid eggs and why they're so problematic.
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Ascarid eggs are very resisten and can live for years in stables and pastures. Furthermore, females can lay 200,000 eggs per day.
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What can you do to prevent intestinal blocking during de-worming?
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Split medicine in two doses.
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What are stomach worms known as?
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Habronemiasis
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What are the three species of Habronema?
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Habronema muscae, Habronema microstoma, Draschia megastoma.
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What does Habronema do?
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They cause stomach ulcers and "summer sores".
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How are summer sores developed?
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-larvae deposited by horse and carried by stable flies
-stable flies deposit eggs in existing wounds or warm, moist areas -this causes large, non-healing wounds in hypersensitive horses |
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What are pinworms called?
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Oxyuris equi
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What is a sign of pinworms?
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-The horse rubs it's back end on walls (rupture of gravid female on anus and perineum causing intense pruritis).
-crusts or flakes can be seen around anus. |
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Where do adults pinworms live?
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distal large colon
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What are tapeworms called?
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cestodiasis
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What are two types of tapeworms?
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Anaplocephala perfoliata
Anaplocephala magna |
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Where are adult tapeworms found in body and how do they get there?
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Adults found in small and large intestine. They require a mite as an intermediate host and must be ingested.
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What is intussusception?
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The intestine telescopes into itself.
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What can tapeworms cause internally?
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ulcerations and ileo-cecal intussusception
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What are bots?
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The bot fly!
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What are some types of bots?
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Gasterophilus intestinalis,
Gasterophilus nasalis Gasterophilus hemorroidalis |
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What is the life cycle of bots?
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-adult deposits eggs on hair of legs, lips, and chin
-humid breath promotes hatching -larvae migrate through mouth to stomach where they attach -10 months later they detach and pass out of feces -they pupate in manure and become adults in 1-2 months. |
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What are the 6 common ways to diagnose parasitism?
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1) Direct smear
2) Cellophane tape 3) Fecal flotation 4) Quantitative tests 5) Fecal culture 6) Post-mortem |
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What are the 6 vaccines vet's recommend to do?
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1) Rabies
2) West nile virus 3) influenza 4) rhinopneumonitis 5) tetanus 6) Eastern/Western encephalomyelitis |
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What neurotoxin causes tetanus?
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Clostridium tetani
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How does tetanospasmin work?
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It blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter causing extended contraction of muscles.
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What does a horse do if it has tetanus?
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It over-reacts to normal stimuli: trismus (clenched jaw), disphagia (trouble swallowing), anxious expression, erect ears and tail, flared nostrils, prolapsed 3rd eyelid, saw-horse stance.
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How can you prevent tetanus?
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TAT (tetanus antitoxin) at birth (or after wounds), and tetanus toxoid yearly.
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When do you vaccinate with tetanus toxoid?
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give foals first shot at 3-4 months and booster with 2-4 week shot. Continue yearly.
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What disease can be prevented with an Eastern/ Western version of the shot.
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Encephalomyelitis (EEE;WEE)
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What transmits Encephalomyelitis?
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Mosquito's, natural reservoir is birds and rodents.
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Is Encephalomyelitis communicable with other horses?
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No, they are dead-end hosts.
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What does Encephalomyelitis target?
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CNS
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What are the signs of Encephalomyelitis as it attacks the central nervous system?
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dementia, head pressing, circling, depression, dysphagia, weakness, ataxia (drunken behavior), seizures.
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What is the incubation period of Encephalomyelitis?
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1-3 weeks
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What type of infection is Encephalomyelitis?
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RNA virus (alphavirus)
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What is the vaccination methods for preventing Encephalomyelitis?
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Give foals 2 vax's @ 3 weeks apart around the age of 4-6 months. Continue with annual boosters.
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What is the Herpes virus?
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Rhinopneumonitis
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What are the 3 forms of Rhinopneumonitis?
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1) respiratory form (most common)
2)abortion form 3) neurologic form |
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What are the signs of the respiratory form of Rhinopneumonitis?
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-fever, cough nasal, discharge.
-Found mostly where many young horses congregate |
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When does abortion occur in Rhinopneumonitis?
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3rd trimester
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In the neurologic form of Rhinopneumonitis what are the symptoms?
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posterior paresis, ataxia, and paralysis. This may be self limiting and reversible.
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What are the prevention vax's for Rhinopneumonitis?
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Foals: @ 4-6 months old, 2 vax's 3 weeks apart. Continue yearly or give boosters as needed depending on exposure (such as every 3 months)
Preg. mares: give at 3, 5, 7, and 9 months of term. |
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What virus can you vaccinate for of influenza?
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Myxovirus
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What are the symptoms of influenza?
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Upper respiratory signs: fever, depression, cough, nasal discharge.
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Are medicines given for influenza?
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No, it is a virus so ab's are only needed if an infection is secondary to influenza.
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Is influenza communicable with other horses?
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VERY! It often occurs where large groups of horses congregate (like children in schools).
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What preventative vax's can be given for Influenza?
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2 vax, 3weeks apart ~4-6m/o.
Continue yearly or as needed depending on exposure. |
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What is Rabies also known as?
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Rhabdovirus
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What mammals are primary targets?
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skunks, fox, and racoons
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What is bad about rabies?
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It is always fatal and cases are increasing yearly (3 cases since 1992).
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What is the virus name of West Nile Virus?
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Flavivirus
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Where did West Nile Virus originate from?
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Africa, Asia, and Southern Europe. In 1999, it began in N.Y.
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What are the natural hosts for West Nile Virus?
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birds and mosquitos. mammals are dead-end hosts.
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What is the incubation for West Nile Virus?
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1-6 days.
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What are clinical signs of West Nile Virus?
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-incoordination
-depression/apprehension -weakness -muscle tremors -fever, anorexia, sweating, teeth grinding |
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How can you diagnose West Nile Virus? Treatment?
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Use blood tests, CSF tests, and clinical signs. No definative treatment.
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What is the vaccine schedule for West Nile Virus?
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2-3 vax given at 3 weeks apart prior to mosquito season.
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What is the secondary immune response to a booster called?
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anamnestic response
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What are 6 other available vax's given based on necessity?
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1) Potomac Horse Fever
2) Strangles 3) Leptospirosis 4) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 5) Equine viral arteritis 6) Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) |
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What is Potomac Horse fever called? How does a horse get it?
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Ehrlichia risticii. It is gotten through aquatic insect ingestion.
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What are the signs of Potomac Horse fever?
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fever, depression, diarrhea, founder, fatal in about 30%.
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How do you vaccinate for Potomac Horse fever?
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2 vax @ 3-4 weeks apart. Continue yearly.
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What is Streptococcus equi commonly know as? Describe it fully.
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A very contagious Strangles. Vax given IN (intranasal). Symptoms include fever, lymph nose abscessation, and snotty nose.
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What are some signs of tooth problems?
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-weight loss
-poor performance -abnormal chewing -odor -colic -salivation |
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What is the wolf tooth?
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Vestigial tooth that is usually removed to prevent pain. It is the first Premolor (PM1).
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What do vets check for in routine dental work?
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-Any problem behaviors
-wolf-teeth -caps -floating |
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Why do you pick and clean a horses foot daily?
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Check for material that may cause:
-abscesses -bruises -thrush impaction |
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What is Coggins testing?
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A blood test for antibodies to equine infectious anemia (Lentivirus).
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Who requires Cogins testing?
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-shows and boarders
-interstate travel -selling of horse (60 days) |
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What are clinical signs of Lentivirus?
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fever, depression, anemia, and edema
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How long does a Coggins test take to run?
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48 hours.
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How is Lentivirus spread?
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Through flies and mosquitos as a viral disease.
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Is this communicable with other horses?
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Yes, this is contagious among horses. Some horses can even be carriers and spread it around!
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Which part of the upper teeth in a horse are sharp?
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outside of teeth
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Which part of the bottom teeth in a horse are sharp?
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inside of teeth
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