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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
aldosterone class
|
steroid
(a mineralcorticoid) |
|
|
aldosterone origin
|
adrenal cortex
|
|
|
calcitriol class
(kal-SIT-ree-awl) |
steroid
|
|
|
calcitriol origin
|
kidneys
|
|
|
testosterone class
|
steroid
|
|
|
testosterone origin
|
testes
|
|
|
estrogens class
|
steroid
|
|
|
estrogen origin
|
ovaries
|
|
|
triiodothyronine (T3) class
|
biogenic amine
|
|
|
triiodothyronine (T3) origin
|
thyroid
(follicular cells) |
|
|
thyroxine (T4) class
|
biogenic amine
|
|
|
thyroxine (T4) origin
|
thyroid
(follicular cells) |
|
|
histamine class
|
biogenic amine
|
|
|
histamine origin
|
mast cells
(in connective tissue) |
|
|
epinephrine class
|
biogenic amine
|
|
|
epinephrine origin
|
adrenal medulla
|
|
|
norepinephrine class
|
biogenic amine
|
|
|
norepinephrine origin
|
adrenal medulla
|
|
|
hypothalamic releasing hormones
(class and origin) |
class: peptide/protein
origin: hypothalamus |
|
|
hypothalamic inhibiting hormones
(class and origin) |
class: peptide/protein
origin: hypothalamus |
|
|
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) origin
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
oxytocin (OT) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
oxytocin (OT) origin
|
made in hypothalamus;
released by posterior pituitary |
|
|
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) origin
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
anterior pituitary hormones
(class and origin) |
class: peptide/protein
origin: anterior pituitary |
|
|
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
class and aka |
peptide/protein
(aka thyrotropin) |
|
|
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) origin
|
anterior pituitary
(aka thyrotropin) |
|
|
growth hormone (hGH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
growth hormone (hGH) origin
|
anterior pituitary
aka somatotropin (STH) |
|
|
insulin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
insulin origin
|
pancreas
|
|
|
glucagon class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
glucagon origin
|
pancreas
|
|
|
parathyroid hormone (PTH) class
|
peptide/protein
(aka parathormone) |
|
|
parathyroid hormone (PTH) origin
|
parathyroids
(aka parathormone) |
|
|
calcitonin (CT) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
calcitonin (CT) origin
|
thyroid
(parafollicular cells) |
|
|
hormones that regulate digestion
(class and origin) |
class: peptides/proteins
origin: stomach and small intestine |
|
|
gastrin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
gastrin origin
|
stomach and small intestine
|
|
|
secretin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
secretin origin
|
stomach and small intestine
|
|
|
cholecystokinin (CCK) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
cholecystokinin (CCK) origin
|
stomach and small intestine
|
|
|
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) origin
|
stomach and small intestine
|
|
|
prostaglandins class
|
eicosanoids
|
|
|
prostaglandins origin
|
all cells
|
|
|
leukotrienes class
(loo-kuh-TRY-eens) |
eicosanoids
|
|
|
leukotrienes origin
|
all cells
|
|
|
luteinizing hormone (LH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
luteinizing hormone (LH) origin
(LOO-tee-uh-nahyz-ing) |
anterior pituitary
|
|
|
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) origin
|
anterior pituitary
|
|
|
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) origin
|
pituitary
|
|
|
prolactin (Prl) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
prolactin (Prl) origin
|
anterior pituitary
|
|
|
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) origin
|
pituitary
|
|
|
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) class
|
steroid
|
|
|
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) origin
|
adrenal glands
|
|
|
inhibin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
inhibin origin
|
ovaries, testes
|
|
|
estriol (E3) class
|
steroid
|
|
|
estriol (E3) origin
|
placenta
|
|
|
aldosterone function
|
Na+/K+ balance
BP regulation |
|
|
calcitriol function
|
increases GI absorbtion of
Ca++/phosphate/magnesium (aka vitamin D3) |
|
|
testosterone function
|
male sex hormone
|
|
|
estrogens function
|
female sex hormone
|
|
|
triiodothyronine (T3) function
(try-eye-odo-THIGH-ruh-neen) |
heart rate, growth, body temp
|
|
|
thyroxine (T4) function
|
metabolism, physical development
(less active than T3) |
|
|
histamine function
|
immune response
|
|
|
epinephrine function
|
sympathomimetic
|
|
|
norepinephrine function
|
sympathomimetic
|
|
|
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) function
|
thyroid gland hypothalamic regulation,
stimulates TSH secretion from thyroid |
|
|
oxytocin (OT) function
|
uterine contraction, lactation, orgasm
|
|
|
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) function
|
returns fluid from urine to blood
decreases urine production causes vasoconstriction (aka vasopressin) |
|
|
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) function
|
stimulates synthesis and
secretion of T3 and T4 (aka thyrotropin) |
|
|
growth hormone (hGH) function
|
cell growth; protein
anabolism and lipolysis; raises blood sugar levels |
|
|
insulin function
|
cellular intake of glucose
|
|
|
glucagon function
|
stimulates glycogenesis,
glucose production |
|
|
parathyroid hormone (PTH) function
|
stimulates osteoclasts
increases blood Ca++ (aka parathormone) |
|
|
calcitonin (CT) function
|
inhibits osteoclasts
decreases blood Ca++ |
|
|
gastrin function
|
stimulates gastric acid secretion
|
|
|
secretin function
|
controls gastric acid
regulates intestinal pH |
|
|
cholecystokinin (CCK) function
(koh-luh-sis-tuh-KAHY-nin) |
stimulates digestion
|
|
|
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) function
|
affects GI motility and
induces insulin secretion |
|
|
prostaglandins functions
|
multi-functional
physiological mediators, cell specific functions |
|
|
leukotrienes functions
|
physiological mediators,
may be linked to allergies and asthma |
|
|
luteinizing hormone (LH) function
|
male and female
reproductive function |
|
|
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) function
|
female egg production
male sperm production |
|
|
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) function
|
stimulates adrenal
steriod production |
|
|
prolactin (Prl) function
|
regulates lactation
|
|
|
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) function
|
stimulates melanin
production, skin tone |
|
|
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) function
|
precursor to sex steroids,
converts to sex steroids |
|
|
inhibin function
|
controls menstrual cycle
and sperm production |
|
|
estriol (E3) function
|
fetal health
|
|
|
Name the four principal classes of hormones.
|
(1) Peptides/Proteins
(2) Eicosanoids (3) Biogenic Amines (4) Steroids |
|
|
What is the acronym for remembering the four principal hormone classes?
|
PEBS
|
|
|
melatonin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
melatonin origin
|
pineal gland
|
|
|
melatonin function
|
biological clock
|
|
|
thymocin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
thymocin origin
|
thymus
|
|
|
thymocin function
|
promotes T-cell proliferation
|
|
|
thymopoietin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
thymopoietin origin
|
thymus
|
|
|
thymopoietin function
|
promotes T-cell proliferation
|
|
|
relaxin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
relaxin origin
|
ovaries
|
|
|
relaxin function
|
dilates uterus and cervix
and relaxes symphisis pubis near end of pregnancy |
|
|
erythropoietin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
erythropoietin origin
(i-rith-roh-POI-i-tn) |
kidney
(aka hematopoietin) |
|
|
erythropoietin function
|
stimulates RBC production
|
|
|
somatomedins class
|
peptide/protein
(aka insulinlike growth factor) |
|
|
somatomedins origin
(soh-mat-uh-MEED-ns) |
anterior pituitary
(aka insulinlike growth factor) |
|
|
somatomedins function
(suh-mat-uh-MEED-ns) |
cell growth and division
(aka insulinlike growth factor) |
|
|
List the four principal classes of hormones.
|
(1) Peptides/Proteins
(2) Eicosanoids (3) Biogenic Amines (4) Steroids |
|
|
What are the four main classes of hormones.
|
(1) Peptides/Proteins
(2) Eicosanoids (3) Biogenic Amines (4) Steroids |
|
|
memory aid for remembering the four classes of hormones
|
PEBS
|
|
|
epidermal growth factor (EGF) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
epidermal growth factor (EGF) origin
|
submaxillary salivary glands
|
|
|
epidermal growth factor (EGF) function
|
cell growth and differentiation
|
|
|
platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
class |
peptide/protein
|
|
|
platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
origin |
platelets
|
|
|
platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
function |
stimulates cell proliferation,
heals wounds |
|
|
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) origin
|
pituitary/brain
|
|
|
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) function
|
stimulates cell proliferation
|
|
|
nerve growth factor (NGF) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
nerve growth factor (NGF) origin
|
submaxillary salivary glands,
hippocampus |
|
|
nerve growth factor (NGF) function
|
embryonic nerve growth,
maintains sympathetic division |
|
|
tumor angiogenesis factor (TAFs) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
tumor angiogenesis factor (TAFs) origin
|
normal and tumor cells
|
|
|
tumor angiogenesis factor (TAFs) function
|
new capillaries,
organ healing, wound healing |
|
|
insulinlike growth factor (IGF) class
|
peptide/protein
(aka somatomedins) (so-ma-to-MEED-ins) |
|
|
insulinlike growth factor (IGF) origin
|
liver, skeletal muscle,
chondrocytes (aka somatomedins) |
|
|
insulinlike growth factor (IGF) function
|
stimulates growth of
chondrocytes, fibroblasts (aka somatomedins) |
|
|
cytokines class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
cytokines origin
|
lymphocytes and other cells
|
|
|
cytokines function
|
cell to cell
physiological mediators |
|
|
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) class
|
peptide/protein
(aka somatostatin) |
|
|
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) origin
|
anterior pituitary, pancreas, GI tract
(aka somatostatin) (suh-mat-uh-STAT-n) |
|
|
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) function
|
inhibits hGH release from pituitary, inhibits glycogenesis & lowers blood sugar
(aka somatostatin) |
|
|
pancreatic polypeptide (PP) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
pancreatic polypeptide (PP) origin
|
pancreas
|
|
|
pancreatic polypeptide (PP) function
|
regulates pancreatic
digestive enzymes |
|
|
main glucocorticoid of adrenal cortex
|
cortisol
|
|
|
main mineralcorticoid of adrenal cortex
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
Where are corticosteroids produced?
|
adrenal cortex
("cortico" = "cortex") |
|
|
Name two principal corticosteroids.
|
cortisol (glucocorticoid)
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) |
|
|
cortisone class
|
steroid
|
|
|
cortisone origin
|
adrenal cortex
|
|
|
cortisone function
|
BP maintenance,
controls inflammation |
|
|
cortisol class
|
steroid
(a glucocorticoid) (synthetic version: hydrocortisone) |
|
|
cortisol origin
|
adrenal cortex
(a glucocorticoid) (synthetic version: hydrocortisone) |
|
|
cortisol function
|
adrenergic sympathomimetic,
anti-inflammatory (glucocorticoid) (synthetic version: hydrocortisone) |
|
|
What is ACE?
|
angiotensin converting enzyme
|
|
|
hormone system that helps regulate blood pressure
|
renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
aka: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) |
|
|
angiotensin II class
|
converted enzyme/acting hormone
|
|
|
angiotensin II origin
|
ACE in the lungs
|
|
|
angiotensin II function
|
stimulates aldosterone secretion
in adrenal cortex |
|
|
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) class
(ney-truh-yoo-RET-ik) |
peptide/protein
|
|
|
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) origin
|
heart ventricles
|
|
|
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) function
|
natriuresis, water/salt balance,
indicator of heart failure, released by stretched ventricles |
|
|
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) origin
(ney-truh-yoo-RET-ik) |
heart
(aka atriopeptin) |
|
|
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) function
|
controls water/sodium balance,
released by atria of heart in response to high BP |
|
|
serotonin class
|
biogenic amine
|
|
|
serotonin origin
|
CNS, GI tract
|
|
|
serotonin function
|
controls mood, appetite, sleep
|
|
|
dopamine class
|
biogenic amine
|
|
|
dopamine origin
|
kidney, hypothalamus
|
|
|
dopamine function
|
increases HR and BP,
inhibits prolactin |
|
|
another term for "corticosteroid"
|
corticoid
|
|
|
What is a steroid?
|
a four-ringed lipid and carbon, cholesterol-derived compound with a physiological function
|
|
|
What is an eicosanoid?
(eye-KO-sa-noid) |
a twenty-carbon (eico = 20), fatty-acid compound with a physiological function
|
|
|
What is a biogenic amine?
|
a biogenic compound with nitrogen as the key atom that has a physiological function
|
|
|
What is a peptide?
|
a short polymer of linked amino acids
|
|
|
ghrelin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
ghrelin origin
|
fundus of stomach
|
|
|
ghrelin function
|
stimulates appetite
|
|
|
enterogastrone class
(EN-tuh-ro-GAS-trone) |
peptide/protein
|
|
|
enterogastrone origin
|
stomach
|
|
|
enterogastrone function
|
inhibits digestion
|
|
|
enkephalin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
enkephalin origin
|
kidneys
|
|
|
enkephalin function
(en-KEF-uh-lin) |
regulates pain
and nociception (no-sih-SEP-shun) |
|
|
endorphins class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
endorphins origin
|
pituitary
|
|
|
endorphins function
|
analgesia, opiate effect
|
|
|
True or False:
Hormones and neurotransmitters are closely related. |
True.
Many neurotransmitters are also hormones; many hormones are neurotransmitters. |
|
|
What is a key difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?
|
Neurotransmitters are released into synapses.
Hormones are released into the blood. |
|
|
endothelin class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
endothelin origin
(en-do-THEE-lin) |
endothelium
|
|
|
endothelin function
|
vascular homeostasis,
strong vasoconstrictor |
|
|
Name the glands of the endocrine system.
|
(1) pituitary (hypophysis)
(2) thyroid (3) parathyroids (4) adrenals (suprarenals) (5) pineal (epiphysis ceribri) (6) thymus |
|
|
Name the glands of the endocrine system.
|
(1) pituitary (hypophysis)
(2) thyroid (3) parathyroids (4) adrenals (suprarenals) (5) pineal (epiphysis ceribri) (6) thymus |
|
|
Name the glands of the endocrine system.
|
(1) pituitary (hypophysis)
(2) thyroid (3) parathyroids (4) adrenals (suprarenals) (5) pineal (epiphysis ceribri) (6) thymus |
|
|
aka pineal gland
|
epiphysis cerebri
|
|
|
aka pituitary gland
|
hypophysis
|
|
|
The ______ links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the ______.
|
hypothalamus
pituitary gland |
|
|
The master coordinator of hormonal activity is the ______.
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
Name the five groups of steroid hormones.
|
(1)glucocorticoids
(2)mineralocorticoids (3)androgens (4)estrogens (5)progestagens |
|
|
male sex steroid group
|
androgens
|
|
|
female sex steroid group
|
estrogens
|
|
|
group of steroids similar to progesterone
|
progestagens
|
|
|
progesterone class
|
steroid
|
|
|
progesterone origin
|
adrenal glands, brain, gonads, placenta
|
|
|
progesterone function
|
so-called hormone of pregnancy,
facilitates uterine implantation, affects vaginal and cervical endothelium, pre-menstruation, etc. |
|
|
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) class
|
peptide/protein
(aka somatocrinin) |
|
|
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) origin
|
hypothalamus
(aka somatocrinin) |
|
|
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) function
|
(aka somatocrinin)
stimulates the release of hGH from anterior pituitary, accelerates glycogenesis and raises blood sugar |
|
|
What are the five principal types of anterior pituitary cells?
|
(1) somatotrophs (growth)
(2) lactotrophs (milk) (3) coricotrophs (corticoids) (4) thyrotrophs (thyroid) (5) gonadotrophs (sexual) |
|
|
nervous system portion of the pituitary
|
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
|
|
|
glandular portion of the pituitary
|
adenohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
(a-de-no-hi-POF-i-sis) |
|
|
master of the pituitary
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
link between the nervous and endocrine system
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
The endocrine system is a ______ feedback system.
|
negative
|
|
|
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) origin
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) function
|
stimulates the pituitary to release FSH
|
|
|
What are hypothalamic hormones generally surpressed by?
|
levels of hormones and substances in the blood as detected by the hypothalamus through a negative feedback system
|
|
|
"yellow body" or place where eggs are produced
|
"corpora lutea"
(etymology of "luteinizing") |
|
|
aka interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
|
luteinizing hormone (LH)
|
|
|
aka lactogenic hormone
|
prolactin
|
|
|
The "actual ejection" of milk by the mammary glands depends on this hormone.
|
oxytocin
|
|
|
prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) origin
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) function
|
stimulates the release of PRL from the anterior pituitary
|
|
|
MSH releasing hormone (MRH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
MSH releasing hormone (MRH) origin
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
MSH releasing hormone (MRH) function
|
stimulates pituitary release of MSH
|
|
|
MSH inhibiting hormone (MIH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
MSH inhibiting hormone (MIH) origin
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
MSH inhibiting hormone (MIH) function
|
inhibits the pituitary release of MSH
|
|
|
large protein precursor to ACTH
|
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
|
|
|
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) class
|
peptide/protein
|
|
|
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) origin
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) function
|
stimulated pituitary release of ACTH
(ACTH is aka adrenocorticotropin) |
|
|
aka adrenocorticotropin
|
adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) |
|
|
Interleukin-1 is produced by ______.
|
macrophages
(derived from monocytes) |
|
|
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary store and release?
|
(1) oxytocin
(2) antidiuretic hormone |
|
|
What hormones does the posterior pituitary synethesize?
|
none
(in stores and releases two) |
|
|
nerve cells in the hypothalamus with secretory axons that extend into the pituitary
|
neurosecretory cells
|
|
|
cells in the hypothalamus that produce OT and ADH
|
neurosecretory cells
|
|
|
bundle of axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis
|
supraopticohypophyseal tract
|
|
|
cells of the neurohypophysis
|
pituicytes
|
|
|
Receptors in the _____ called _____ detect the osmotic pressure of the blood and adjust ______ levels.
|
hypothalamus
osmoreceptors ADH |
|
|
source of tyrosine and main component of colloid in thyroid follicles
|
thyroglobulin (TGB)
|
|
|
T3 and T4 transport protein
|
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
|
|
|
four actions of thyroid hormones
|
(1) oxygen use
(2) metabolism (3) growth and development (4) enhance catecholamines |
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Thyroid's effect on body temperature is called ______.
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calorigenic effect
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three types of corticoids made and secreted by the adrenal cortex
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(1) mineralcoricoids
(2) glucocorticoids (3) gonadocorticoids |
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steriods that control water and electrolyte homeostasis and play a role in blood pressure maintenance
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mineralcorticoids
(95% of output is cortisol) |
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anti-inflammatory steroids that regulate metabolism and provide resistance to stress
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glucocorticoids
(95% of output is aldosterone) |
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sex steroids made in the adrenal cortex
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gonadocorticoids
(estrogens & androgens) |
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sympathetic postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla that are connected to the ANS but release EPI and NRE into the bloodstream rather than into synapses
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chromaffin cells
(kro-MAF-in) |
