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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Thyroid Gland
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Largest endocrine Gland with 2 lobes connected by an isthmus located just below the larynx.
Fxn: Metabolism/BMR, growth and development &makes Calcitonin |
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Thyroid Gland Secretions:
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1. Secretes T4 and & T3 (active form):
20x more T4 2. Secretes Calcitonin: lowers blood levels of calcium |
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C-Cell of Thyroid
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-secrete calcitonin.
Calcitonin lowers blood levels of calcium by putting it into the bones. |
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Follicular Cells of Thyroid secretion:
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-secrete thyroxin:
Thyroxin increases the metabolic rate in most cells by the stimulation of oxygen consumption. |
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Calcitonin
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-lowers blood levels of calcium by putting it into the bones.
Ways to decrease blood calcium. 1. Bones 2. digestion 3. excretion |
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Parathyroid glands
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secretes Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) which
increases blood calcium |
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Thyroid Follicular Cell Hormone Secretions
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-Thyroxin
-C-Cells (secret calcitonin) |
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Goiter
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No Negative Feedback loop for T4/T3 production not there so TSH keeps stimulating, getting made without conversion.
- No iodine for conversion TSH keeps stimulating, |
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Classical Endocrine Glands
(but can be found throughout the body). |
1. Pineal
2. Pituitary 3. Thyroid 4. Parathyroid 5. Adrenal 6. Thymus 7. Pancreas |
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Dual-Function Endocrine Glands:
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Pancreas: digestion & insulin/glucagon
Gonads: ovaries, testes Have both an endocrine and exocrine function: |
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Chemical Classification of Hormones:
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1. Amine hormones: ~from tyrosine or tryptophan
2. Polypeptide/protein hormones: ~chains of amino acids 2. Glycoproteins: ~Glucose plus proteins Steroids: lipids |
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Steroid
Hormones |
- Are lipids made from cholesterol:
include: estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, & Cortisol. |
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Polypeptide
Hormones |
ADH, GH, Insulin, Oxytocin, Glucagon, ACTH, PTH
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Hormone
Interactions |
Synergistic: two or more hormones work together
Permissive: permits presence of another hormone to act Antagonistic: counter-acts the effects of another hormone to act. Physiological range: normal range for normal fxn. Half-Life: time needed for blood level to be reduced by half. |
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Hormone Up-regulation
(Priming Effect) |
When a hormone produces more of its own receptors in target cells for a greater response
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Desensitization
(Down-regulation) |
Occurs after long exposure to high hormone levels,
decreasing the number of receptors in the target cells. |
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Pulsatile Secretion
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Most hormones have this to
prevent down-regulates hormones. |
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Lipid Proteins travel in the blood by:
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Carrier Proteins
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Direct Gene Activation
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~~The method by which steroid hormones affect the activity of their target cells.
~~The hormones attach onto specific receptors on the cell surface membrane to form a hormone-receptor complex, which enters into the nucleus and activates certain genes. |
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T4 conversion to T3 happens by Direct Gene Activation where?
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Only Ff\ree T4 can enter the cell. (Bound T4 is resevoir).
T4 is converted to T3 inside the cell. T3 binds to receptor cell in the nucleus. The receptor will turn on the gene. |
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
FLATPiG |
1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) ovaries/egg
2. Lutinizing Hormone (LH) - makes progesterone 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (regulates cortisol) 4. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) T4, T3 5. Prolaction - Lactation 6. Growth Hormone - overall growth |
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Transcription
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DNA => mRNA => Protein
-Gene becomes activated and makes mRNA to make a protein. -All genes encode for a specific protein (their blueprint) |
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Growth Hormone
and Excess of Growth Hormone |
Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or somatropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration.
Too much in kids: Gigantism Too much in adults: Acromegaly - Epithelial plate where bone growth happens is closed after 18 years old. |
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Ocytocin does:
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Bonding and Uterine Contraction
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Hormones made by the Hypothalamus & stored in the Pars Intermedia
- a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary. (between Anterior & Posterior Pituitary) |
Pars Intermedia- a thin layer of cells between the
anterior and posterior pituitary. -produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - for melanin |
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Hormones made by the Hypothalamus & stored in the
Posterior Pituitary Pars Nervosa : |
-Antidiuretic Hormone - ADH
Oxytocin: |
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ADH
Antidiurectic hormone AKA Vassopressin |
-produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It is then stored and released from the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain.
Anti-diuretic hormone helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels. The function of the antidiuretic hormone is to conserve the amount of water in the body by decreasing the amount of water in urine that is excreted from the body. |
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Hormones of Adrenal Cortex:
A.C.T. |
Aldosterone:
Cortisl Testosterone & Sex Hormones |
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Aldosterone
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Stimulates Kidney to reabsorb Na+ and secret K+ which leads to a decrease in urine.
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Cortisol
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Inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates gluconeogenesis by increasing blood concentraiton of glucose.
Helps the body deal with stress. (Stress also makes glucose stored as fat) |
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Adrenal Cortex
produces |
DHEA
a precursor to testosterone |
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Adrenal Medula
produces |
secrete epinephrine 80% and norepinephrine 20%
AKA Adrenaline and noradrenalin |
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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increased respiratory rate
increased heart rate and cardiac output general vasoconstriction which increases venous return Glycolysis and Lipolysis (sugar & fat for energy) |
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Functional Disorders of Thyroid Gland
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Hypothyroidism:
- Myxedema- (adults, non-pitting edema-institual tissues) - Cretinism- (children, low T4/T3-development issues) Hyperthyroidism: Increase in metabolic rate. |
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Pancreas Functions parts:
(endocrine function) (secretes digestives enzymes into the duodenum) |
Islets of Langerhans: endrocrine fxn
Alpha Cells: Glucagon Beta Cells: Insulin Delta Cells: somatostatin (inhibits Insulin & Glucagon) |
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Autocrine Regulators
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~~produces and acts with the same tissue of an organ. All control Gene expression in target cells.
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Paracrine Regulators
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~~ are autocrines that are produced within one tissue and act on a different tissue in the same organ (spread via diffusion)
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Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine definitions
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~~ for itself = local
~~paracrine = in the vicinity ~~ endocrine = all over the body |