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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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study of substances containing carbon is
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organic chemistry
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the branch of chemisty that is concerned with the identification andn composition of materials is
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analytical chemistry
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the study of matter and changes in matter best desribes the science of
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physical chemistry
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2 features that distinguish matter are
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physical and chemical properties
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an example of an extensive physical property is
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depends on amount of matter present - volume, mass, amountn of energy in substance
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the state of matter in which a material is most likely to resist compression is the
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liquid
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an example of an intensive physical property is
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dont depend on amount of matter present H2O
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the state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume is the
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gas
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the state of matter in which a material has a definite volume but no definite shape is the
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liquid
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can physical means be used to separate either elements, compunds, mixtures, or pure substances?
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mixtures
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a horizontal row of blocks in the periodic tbale is called the
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period
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a vertical collumn of blocks in the periodic table is called a
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group
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the elements that border the zigzag line in the periodic table are called
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metaloids
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elements in a group in the periodic table can be expected to have similar
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chemical properties
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a testable statement used for making predictions and carrying out further experiements is a
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hypothesis
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the SI standard units for length and mass are
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length = meter mass = kilogram
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the symbol mm represents
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milimeter
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the symbols for metric units of length in order from smallest (nanometer to kilometer) to largest are
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nm, mm, cm, dm, m, dam, hm, km
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the quantitiy of matter per unit volume is called
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density
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the unit m^3 represents measurement of
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mililiter
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a volume of 1 cubic centimeter is equivalent to
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a cube whose edges are 1 m
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the SI base unnit for time is the
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second
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the relationship between the mass "m" of a material, its volume "V", and its density "D" is
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D= m/v
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the density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm^3. the volume of a solid piece of aluminumm is 1.50 cm^3. find its mass
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4.05 g/cm^3
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the amss of a 5.00 cm^3 sample of clay is 11 g. what is the density of the clay
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d= 11g/5cm^3 = 2.2 g/cm^3
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how long is .05 cmm in meters and/or in millimeters
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.0005 or .5 mm
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1.06 L of water is equivalent to how many mL?
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1060 mL
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how many minutes are in a week
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1.008 x 10 ^4 min/week
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a measurement that closely agrees with accpeted values is said to be
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accurate
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to 2 sig figures, the measurement of .025g should be reported as
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2.6x10^-2
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a volume of 1 cubic centimeter is equivalent to
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a cube whose edges are 1 m
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the SI base unnit for time is the
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second
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the relationship between the mass "m" of a material, its volume "V", and its density "D" is
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D= m/v
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the density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm^3. the volume of a solid piece of aluminumm is 1.50 cm^3. find its mass
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4.05 g/cm^3
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the amss of a 5.00 cm^3 sample of clay is 11 g. what is the density of the clay
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d= 11g/5cm^3 = 2.2 g/cm^3
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in division and mulltiplication the answer must not have more sig figures than the
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measure with fewest # of sif figures
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the # of sig figures in the measurement 170.040 km is
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6
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the # of sig figures in 210 is
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2
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using a metric ruler with 1 mm divisions, u find the sides of a rectangualr piece of plywood are 3.54 cm and 4.85 cm. u calculate the area as 17.1690 cm ^2. to the correct # of sig figures, the result should be expressed as
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1.7 x 10^1
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the average ditance between the earth adn moon is 386 000 km. expressed in scientific notation, this distance is
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3.86 x10 ^5
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round 1.245 633 501 x 10 ^8 to 4 sig figures
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1.246 x 108
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written in scientific notation, the measurement .000065 cm is
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6.5 x10^-5
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when 1.92x10^-6 kg is divided by 6.8 x 10^2 mL the quotient in kg/mL is
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7.8 x 10^-9
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the capacity of a florence flask is 250 mL. its capacity in liters expressed in scientific notation is
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2.5x10^-1 L
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the graph of a direct porportion is a
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linear plot that passes thru the origin; extrapolated
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2 variables are inversely porportional if their ____ has a constant value
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product
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in oxides of nitrogen, such as N2O, NO, NO2, and N2O3, atoms combine in small whole number ratios. this supports the law of
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multiple porportions
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according to the law of conservation of mass, when sodium, hydroden, and oxygen react to form a compound the mass of the compund is _____ the sum of the masses of the individual elements
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equal to
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the principles of atomic theory recognized today were concieved by
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john dalton
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experiements with cathode rays led to the discovery of the
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electron
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the deflection of cathode rays in thomsons experiements was evidence of the _____ nature of electrons
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negative
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who discovered the nucleus by bombarding gold foil with positively charged particles and nothing that some particles were widely deflected
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ernest rutherford
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becuase most particles fired at metal foil passes straight thru, rutherford concluded that
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lots of space let pass thru alpha particles so electrons have almost no mass
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because a few positively charged particles bounced back from the foil, rutherford concluded that such particles were
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the force must be caused by a very densely packed bundle of matter w/ a pos electric carge (nucleus)
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rutherfords experiements led to the discovery of the
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nucleus
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a nuclelar partlicle that has about the same mass as a proton, but with no electrical charge, is called a
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neutron
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which part of an atom has a mass approximately equal to 1/2000 of the mass of a common hydrogen atom?
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electron
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most of the volume of an atom is occupied by the
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electron cloud
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atoms of the same element that have different masses are called
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isotope (more neutrons than protons)
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whats the amss number of deuterium?
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2
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how many isotopes of hydrogen are known
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3
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deuterium contains one proton and
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one neutron
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as the mass number of the isotopes of an element increases, the number of protons
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stays the same
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the average atomic mass of an elemnt is the average of the atomic masses of its
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naturally occuring isotopes
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as teh atomic number increases the number of electrons
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stays the same
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the average atomic mass of an element is the average of the atomic masses of its
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naturally occuring isotopes
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an atom os potassium had 19 protons and 20 neutrons. whats the amss number?
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39
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Ag-109 has 62 neutrons. the neutral atom has how many electrons
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47
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argon (stomic number 18 and mass number 40) has ____ protons in its nuclues
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18 protons 22 neutrons
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the mass of 1 mol of chromium (atomic mass 51.996) is
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51.996 g
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the mass of a sample containing 3.5 moles of silicon atoms (atomic mass 28.0855 amu) is
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9.8x10^1 g of Si
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whats the number of moles of chemical units represented by 9.03x10^24 units?
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1.50x10^1 mol of units
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a sample of tin (atomic mass 118.69 amu) contains 3.01x10^23 atoms. the mass of the sample is
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5.93 x10^1 g Sn
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visible light, x rays, infrared radiation, and radio waves all have this same characteristic
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types of electromagnietic radiation and they move at 3.00x10^8 m/s thru a vacuum
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in SI, the frequency of electromagnetic radiation is measured in
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meters/second
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if electromagnetic radiation A has a lower frequency than electromagnetic radiation B, then compared to B the wavelength of A is
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longer
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the distance between 2 successive peaks on a wavelength is its
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wavelength
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a quantum of electromagnetic energy is called a
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photon (minimum quantity of energy that can be lost ro gained by an atom)
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the emission of electrons from metals that have absorbed photons is called the
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photoelectric effect
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the electron in a hydrogen arom has its lowest total energy when the electron is in its
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ground state
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when the pink colored light of glowing hydrogen gas passes thru a prisim, its possible to see
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its wavelengths that are part of its line-emission spectrum
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louis de broglie's research suggested that
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electrons are considered waves confined to the space around an atomic nucleus, electron waves could only exist at certian frequencies
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a 3 demensional region around a nucleus where an electron may be found is called an
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orbital
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the quantum number that indicates the position of an orbital about the 3 axes in space is the
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magnetic quantum # (m) from -l to l including 0
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the main energy levels of an atom are indicated by which quantum numbers
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principle quantum numbers (n) only positive
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the possibly values of an electrons spin quantum # are
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1/2 and -1/2
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what values can the angualr momentum quantum number hav when n=2
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l=0 l=1 (less than l-1 up to 0)
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the set of orbitals that are dumbell shapes and directed along the x,y, and z axes are called
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p orbitals
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a spherical electron cloud surrounding an atomic nucleus would best represent
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s orbital
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for the f sublevel, the number of orbitals is
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3
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how many orbitals can exist at the third main energy level
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3
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a single orbital in the 3d level can hold
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10 electrons
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"orbitals of equal energyy r each occupied by one e- before any is occupied by a second e-, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin" is a statement of
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hunds rule
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2 e- in the 1s orbital must have differnt spin quantum numbers to satisfy the
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pauli exclusion principle
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the aufbau principle states that an e-
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occupies the lowest energy orbital that can recieve it
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the element with e- configuration 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2 is
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silicon
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the number of e- in teh highest enery level of the argon atom(atomic number 18) is
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8
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mendeleev noticed that properties of elements usually repeated at regular intervals when teh elements were arranged in order of increasing
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atomic mass
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mendeleev didnt always list elements in his periodic table in order of increasing atomic mass becuase he grouped together elements with similar
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chemical properties
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the person whose work led to a periodic table based on increasing atomic number was
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jeff moseley
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what are the radioactive elements with atomic numbers from 90 to 103 in the periodic table called
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actinides
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what are teh elements with atomic numbers from 58 to 71 in the periodic tbale called?
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lanthanides
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identify the sublevels in a period that contains 32 elements
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s,d,p, f
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because the first energy level contains only the 1s sublevel, the # of elements in this period is
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2
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calcium, atomic number 20, has the e- configuration [Ar]4s^2. what period is it in
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4
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titanium has configuratoin of [Ar] 3d^2 4s^2. what group is it in
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4
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magnesium, atomic number 12, has the e- configuration [Ne] 3s^2. wht group is it in
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2
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the msot reactive group of the nonmetals are the
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halogens
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strontiums highest occupied evergy level is 5s^2. what group is it in?
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2
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atomic size is determined by measuring the
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distance between the nuclei of 2 identical atoms that r chemically bonded then divide the distance by 2
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a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compund to attract electrons is called
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electronegativity
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the element that has the greatest electronegativity is
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fluorine
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one half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together is called the
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atomic radius
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ionization energy is the energy required to remove _____ from an atom of an element
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one electron
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when an electron is acquired by a newtral arom, the energy change is called
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electron affintiy
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ina row in the periodic table, as the atomic number increases, the atomix radius generally
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decreases
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as the atomic number of the metals of group 1 increases the ionic radius
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increases
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the energy required to remove an e- from an atom ____ as you move left to right from potassium through iron
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increases
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as with main group elements, ionization energies of d block elements genrally ____ across a period
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increase
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the e- available to be lost, gained, or shared when aroms form molecules are called
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valence e-
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the number of valence electrons in group 17 elements is
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7
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for each successive e- removed from an atom, the ionization energy
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increases
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which groups in the main group have lower electronegativity than d block elements
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s block, groups 1 and 2
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a chemical bond resulting form the electrstatic attraction between positive and negative ions is called
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ionic bonding
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the chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share e- is called
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covalent
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if the atoms that share e- hav an unequal attraction for the e-, the bond is called
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polar
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bond energy is the energy
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required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms
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in drawing a lewis structure, each nonmetal atom except hydrogen should be surrounded by
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8 e- , 4 pair e-
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the lewis structure for ammonuim ion has ___ valence electrons
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8? or 9?
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chmists once believed that a molecule that contains a single bond and a double bond split its time existing as one of these 2 structures. this effect became known as
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resonance structures
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in the NaCl crystal, each Na+ and Cl- ion has clustered around it ___ of the oppositely charged ions
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atoms (due to crystal lattice structures)
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the energy released when 1 mol of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions is called the
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lattice energy
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the lattice energy is a measure of the
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energy released when 1 mol of an ionic crystalline compund is formed from gaseous ions
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the model for predicting the shape of a molecule that is based on the repulsion of e- for each other is called
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VSEPR ( valence shell electron proton repulsion) theory
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according to VSEPR theory, the shape of an ABv3 molecule is
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trigonal planar
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the intermolecular attrraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a stongly electronegative atoma dn teh unshared pair of electrons on another strongly electronegative atom is called
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H-bond dipole
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use VSEPR theory to predict the shape of the cholorate ion ClOv3-
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trigonal pyramidal
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the weak intermolecular forces resulting from instantaneous and induced diploes are called
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induced dipole force
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compared with molecular bonds, the strength of intermolecular foreces is
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weaker
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how many atoms of fluorine are present in a molecule of carbon tetrafluoride, CFv4?
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4
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whats the formula for zinc fluoride
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ZnFv3
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whats the oxidation number of O in H2O2
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-1
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whats the oxidation number of H in KH
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+1
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whats the oxidation # of S in Hv2SOv4
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-6
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whats the oxidation # of C in COv2
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+4
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whats the formula mass of (NHv4)v2SOv4
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32 g
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the molar mass of NOv2 is 46.01 g/mol. how many mol of NOv2 are present in 114.95 g
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2.498 mol NOv2
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how many cl- ions r present in 2.oo mol of KCl
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3.32x10^-24 Cl- atoms
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how many OH- ions are present in 3.00 moles of Ca(OH)v2
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3.61x10^24 OH ions
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if .5 mol of Na+ combines with .5 mol of Cl- to form NaCl, how many formula units of NaCl are present
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.5 formula units
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a compound contains 64 g of O and 4 g of H. whats empirical formula for this compund
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OH
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a compounds empirical formula is NOv2. if the formula mass is 92 amu, whats the molecular formula
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Nv2Ov4
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sublevel=
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orbital
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whats formula for the compund formed by lead (III) ions and chromate ions?
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Sn(Cr)v4)
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whats formula for aluminum sulfate
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Alv2(SOv4)v3
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whats the formula for barium hydroxide
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Ba(OH)v2
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name the compund Ni(ClOv3)2
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nickel (II) chlorate
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name the compund Hg2(NO3)2
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dimercury nitrate
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name teh compund KClO3
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potassium chlorate
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whats the nmae of Sn3(PO4)4 under the stock system of nomenclature
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tin (IV) phosphate
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whats the name of Cr2(SO4)3 under the stock system of nomeclature
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chromium (III) sulfate
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name the compound SiO2
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silicon dioxide
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whats the formula for silicon dioxide
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SiO2
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whats the formula for diphosphorous pentoxide
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(PO4)2(O2)5
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whats the oxidation number of an uncombined element
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0
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whats the oxidation number of hydrogen in compunds containing metals
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-1
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