• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/35

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)

Vascular plants

Plants that evolved adaptations to living on land

1.) ex: apple tree




2.) ex: strawberry bush

Lignin

Found in the cellulose of cell walls; use to provide support for plant

1.) a polymer

1.) a polymer

Xylem

Vascular tissue; hollow shaped cells that carry water from the root of the plant to the rest of the plant

1.) ex: tracheids 

1.) ex: tracheids



Tracheids

Type of xylem cell; have pointed ends, thick cell walls, and pits to connect to adjacent cells

1.) transport water

1.) transport water

Vessel elements

Type of xylem cell; less pointed than tracheids and wider and shorter, has perforated openings at the ends

1.) transport water

1.) transport water

Cohesion

Ability to stick to other molecules via hydrogen bonding

1.) part of cohesion tension hypothesis




2.) ex: water molecule sticking to another water molecule

Adhesion

Ability to stir to other polar molecules

1.) part of cohesion tension hypothesis




2.) water molecules sticking to polar molecules in cell walls

Sieve tubes

Type of phloem cell; arranged in chains with openings at the ends to create long channels

1.) transport food/nutrients 

1.) transport food/nutrients

Endosperm

Tissue surrounding embryo; assist in transferring nutrients from the plant to the developing embryo

1.) supports embryos




2.) supports cotyledons

Cotyledons

Beginning of differentiation; small bumps form of the developing embryo; are not true leaves but will preform photosynthesis until leaves develop; absorbs nutrients from endosperm and can store it to be broken down later

1.) substitute for leaves




2.) supported by endosperms

Apical meristems

Undifferentiationed cell service at the tip of embryonic shoot/root; meristem cells divide and produce cells that differentiate in specialize tissue

1.) produces auxin

1.) produces auxin

Seed coat

In mature flower plants; a tough seed coat sorrounds endosperm and embryo; makes the embryo dormant, slowing all processes inside to a very slow rate; becomes dry and dormant; can survive for many years

1.) puts the embryo to a hibernating state 

1.) puts the embryo to a hibernating state

Germination

When the environment is favorable to the seed, it will start to grow

1.) seed sprouting 

1.) seed sprouting

Primary growth

Growth and development of plant root/shoots from apical meristem into plant organs

1.) first initial growth into a basic plant




2.) develops basic organs

Node

Point where a leaf emerges

1.) leaves emerges from here

1.) leaves emerges from here





Root cap

Tough tissue that protects apical meristem as root grows

1.) basically a helmet for apical meristems when the root is growing

1.) basically a helmet for apical meristems when the root is growing

Epidermis

Cells on the surface of roots/shoots; often covered with hydrophobic cuticle of wax to prevent dehydration and stop pathogens from entering

1.) surface of roots/shoots

1.) surface of roots/shoots

Cuticle

Found on epidermis; a waxy layer that prevents water loss

1.) the ___ can be found on the epidermis

1.) the ___ can be found on the epidermis

Vascular tissue

Responsible for transportation of water and food in plants; 2 types: xylem and phloem

1.) one of three major tissues in vascular plants




2.) has 2 types

Ground tissue

Most abundant type of tissue; responsible for very important processes like photosynthesis and food storage

1.) one of three major types of tissue in vascular plants




2.) very abundant

Secondary growth

Growth that makes plants become larger, wider, and woody

1.) uses vascular cambium

1.) uses vascular cambium

Vascular cambium

Tissue layer near surface or roots and stems; inner cambium differentiates in xylem; outer cambium differentiates in phloem

1.) part of secondary growth 

1.) part of secondary growth

Pericycle

Meristem surrounding vascular cambium in roots and stems

1.) the ___ wraps around the xylem and phloem in roots and stems

1.) the ___ wraps around the xylem and phloem in roots and stems

Plant growth regulator

(PGR) compound in plants that influence growth an development

1.) ex: auxin




2.) ex: gibberellin

Auxins

Produced in apical meristems and seeds; moves via active transport; in low concentrations, promotes root elongation and lateral growth of roots; in high concentrations, inhibits root elongation and lateral growth, promotes growth of fruits and flowers

1.) type of a PGR

1.) type of a PGR

Gibberellins

Found in fungi and plants' apical meristems and germinating embryos; promotes stem elongation; transcriptions of digestive enzymes; and development of fruit

1.) type of a PGR

1.) type of a PGR

Cytokinins

Mainly produced in roots and developing fruits; regulates growth pattern of plants with other PGRs; promotes cell division, organ development, branch lateral growth, and chloroplast development, inhibits plant tissue aging and lateral roots

1.) type of a PGR

1.) type of a PGR

Abscisic acid

Produced in arid conditions; closes stomata and makes buds and seeds dormant; promotes synthesis of storage proteins in seeds

1.) type of a PGR

1.) type of a PGR

Ethylene

Promotes aging of tissue; inhibit effects of auxins and cytokinins

1.) type of a PGR

1.) type of a PGR

Tropism

Growth towards or away from stimulus as result from different growth rate in different plant organs

1.) ex: phototropism




2.) ex: gravitropism

Phototropism

Growth towards light source as result of auxins concentrated on the plant's dark side

1.) type of tropism




2.) ex: a plant bending towards the sun

Gravitropism

Growth towards or away from earth's gravity as a result of auxins, PGRs, and calcium concentrations

1.) type of tropism




2.) ex: a plant growing longer roots towards gravity and longer stems away from gravity

Photoperiodism

Response to length of light and darkness in a day

1.) type of tropism




2.) uses phytochromes

Phytochrome

Pigments that measure darkness

1.) part of photoperiodism 

1.) part of photoperiodism

Phloem

Type of vascular tissue; responsible for transport of food throughout plant

1.) type of vascular tissue

1.) type of vascular tissue