Honors Bio, Ch. 7+11, Ben Steva

Front 1

Vascular Plants

Back 1

Plants that have evolved complex transport systems more nutrients and water

Hint 1

Contain Xylem and Phloem

Front 2

Lignin

Back 2

A type of chemical found in the cell walls of plants for support

Hint 2

Non-vascular plants do not have this because its surroundings hold it up

Supports mainly against gravity

Front 3

Xylem

Back 3

Cells used to transfer water and minerals around the rest of the plants from the roots

Hint 3

Hollow and tube-shaped

Responsible for the Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis

Front 4

Phloem

Back 4

Cells that carry organic nutrients around the plant using active transport

Hint 4

Longer and skinnier

Responsible for the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis

Front 5

Tracheids

Back 5

Type of xylem cells with pits that allow it to connect with other cells, used for water transport

Hint 5

Thick cell walls

Front 6

Vessel Elements

Back 6

Type of xylem cells with openings at each end to be used for water transport

Hint 6

Thinner cell walls

Wider and shorter than tracheids

Front 7

Cohesion

Back 7

When water molecules can stick to other water molecules

Hint 7

_____-Tension Hypothesis

Use hydrogen bonds

Front 8

Adhesion

Back 8

When water molecules can stick to other polar molecules

Hint 8

Water attaches to the sides of xylem using ____

Front 9

Sieve Tubes

Back 9

When phloem cells create a chain together, which works as a channel to transfer nutrients

Hint 9

Surrounded by companion cells

Front 10

Endosperm

Back 10

A tissue that carries nutrients from a plant to an embryo

Hint 10

Created in the seeds of flowering plants

Provides mainly starch to the embryo

Front 11

Cotyledons

Back 11

A way for the embryo or seed to store nutrients and perform photosynthesis until leaves are grown

Hint 11

Sometimes called "seed leaves"

Front 12

Apical Meristems

Back 12

The plant cells at the ends of the shoot and root of a plant that constantly split up

Hint 12

A type of undifferentiated cell

These cells develop others to become differentiated

Front 13

Seed Coat

Back 13

A protective layer around the endosperm and embryo until it sprouts

Hint 13

Ex. An outer layer of a nut

Front 14

Germination

Back 14

When the seed sprouts

Hint 14

The final step of an embryo becoming an individual plant

Jobs of the parent plant are now passed on to the embryo

Front 15

Primary Growth

Back 15

The vertical growth of a plant due to growth at the meristems

Hint 15

Redwood trees have a lot of ______, as they are very tall

Front 16

Node

Back 16

The areas on the plant where leaves will emerge

Hint 16

Also called meristems

Looks like a place where the tree has a split

Front 17

Root Cap

Back 17

A protective layer of cells on the apical meristem of the root

Hint 17

With the root pushing through soil as the plant grows, a _____ is very helpful to keep it safe

Front 18

Epidermis

Back 18

The outermost tissue

Hint 18

Similar to human skin, only for a plant cell

Front 19

Cuticle

Back 19

Protective covering over leaves

Hint 19

Similar to the root cap, only for leaves

The reason leaves have a glossy look

Front 20

Vascular Tissue

Back 20

The layer of xylem and phloem cells

Hint 20

This layer of tissue transports things throughout the cell

Front 21

Ground Tissue

Back 21

Cells that provide support and shape to the inside of the cell

Hint 21

This layer also creates organic compounds

Front 22

Secondary Growth

Back 22

The widening of a plant due to cell division in the vascular cambium

Hint 22

Horizontal growth

The cause for the rings in a tree stump

Front 23

Vascular Cambium

Back 23

The meristem tissue layer

Hint 23

Located near the surface of roots and stems

Outer surface differentiates into phloem

Front 24

Pericycle

Back 24

The meristem tissue that surrounds the xylem and phloem in the roots

Hint 24

The source of root branches

Front 25

Plant Growth Regulators

Back 25

Compounds that influence a plant's growth and development

Hint 25

Similar effect as hormones in animals

Produced by genes

Front 26

Auxins

Back 26

Chemicals that make roots grow longer and more laterally in low concentration, but shorter and less laterally with fruits from flowers in higher concentration

Hint 26

Produced in the apical meristems and seeds

The effect depends on the concentration

Front 27

Gibberellins

Back 27

Makes stems grow longer, improves development of fruit, and creates digestive enzymes in endosperm

Hint 27

Produced in apical meristems and germinating embryos

Front 28

Cytokinins

Back 28

Regulates growth pattern, increases cell division, organ development, lateral growth of branches, and chloroplast development

Hint 28

Mostly made in fruits and roots

Cooperates with PGR and auxins

Front 29

Abscisic Acid

Back 29

Tells the plant to close stomata, make buds and seeds dormant, and create storage proteins for seeds

Hint 29

Produced in dry conditions

Helps to prevent unneccessary water loss

Front 30

Ethylene

Back 30

Ages tissues and prevents the effects of auxins and cytokinins

Hint 30

Prevents development of lower branch buds

Promotes the droping of leaves, flowers, and fruits

Front 31

Tropism

Back 31

Groth toward or away from a stimulus

Hint 31

Occurs in response to the different patterns of growth between plant organs

Aids in plant survival

Front 32

Phototropism

Back 32

Growth toward a light source due to higher auxin concentration on the dark side

Hint 32

One side of the stem continues growing while the other stops, making it curve

Front 33

Gravitropism

Back 33

Growth toward or away fro the Earth's gravitational pull

Hint 33

Results from auxins, PGRs, and calcium ion concentrations

Front 34

Photoperiodism

Back 34

How the plant grows based on the light and darkness during a 24-hour period

Hint 34

When a plant flowers, germinates, and grows rapidly is dependent on part of this process

Front 35

Phytochrome

Back 35

A pigment that tells the plant how long it is dark

Hint 35

There are two forms of this

absorbs far-red light or regular red light