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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
this body system serves many functions including the regulation of blood pressure, blood osmolarity, acid base balance and removal of nitrogenous wastes |
excretory system |
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this produces urine |
kidney |
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where does urine dump into the ureter? |
renal pelvis
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where is urine collected and stored before it is secreted through the urethra? |
bladder |
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urine is excreted through this
|
urethra |
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the kidney can be divided into what 2 distinct regions?
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cortex and medulla
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this contains a renal artery, renal vein and ureter
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hilum
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the kidney contains a ____________ ___________ with two capillary beds in series |
portal system
|
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what does blood from the renal artery flow into?
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afferent arterioles |
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what do the afferent arterioles form in Bowman's capsule which is the first capillary bed? |
glomeruli |
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blood flows from the efferent arteriole to where?
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vasa recta |
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blood leaves the kidney through what? |
renal vein
|
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the muscular lining of the bladder |
detrusor muscle
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the detrusor muscle is under what control? |
parasympathetic
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what are the 2 muscular sphincters of the bladder? |
internal and external urethral sphincter
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this sphincter consists of smooth muscle and is under parasympathetic control
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internal urethral sphincter
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this sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is under sympathetic control
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external urethral sphincter |
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the kidney participates in solute movement through what 3 processes? |
filtration, secretion and reabsorption |
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the movement of solutes from the blood to filtrate at Bowman's capsule |
filtration
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what determines the direction and rate of filtration?
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Starling forces
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these account for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman's space
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Starling forces
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the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman's capsule |
secretion
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the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood
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reabsorption
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the proximal convoluted tube, descending and ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tube and collecting duct are all segments of what with their own specific function? |
nephron
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the site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water; it is also the site of secretion for hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia and urea |
proximal convoluted tube
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this section of the nephron is permeable to water but not salt, therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate
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descending loop of Henle
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the vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions creating what that allows maximal reabsorption of water?
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countercurrent multiplier |
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this section of the nephron is permeable to salt but not water, therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively
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ascending loop of Henle
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where is the diluting segment in the ascending loop of Henle?
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outer medulla |
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this section of the nephron is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product secretion |
distal convoluted tube
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this section of the nephron is responsive to both aldosterone and ADH and has variable permeability which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body's needs
|
collecting duct
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the kidney is under ____________ control |
hormonal
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a steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption
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aldosterone |
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a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary |
ADH or vasopressin |
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the release of this hormone is stimulated by low blood volume and high blood osmolarity
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ADH
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this hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption
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ADH
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the kidney can regulate this by selective reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate or hydrogen ions
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pH
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what are the 3 major layers of the skin?
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epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
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this layer of skin is composed of the 5 following layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum |
epidermis
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this layer of the epidermis contains stem cells the proliferate to form keratinocytes
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stratum basale |
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these produce melanin |
melanocytes |
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this protects the skin from DNA damage caused by UV light |
melanin
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melanin is passed to what?
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keratinocytes
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special macrophages that serve as antigen presenting cells in the skin
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Langerhans cells |
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what are the 2 layers of the dermis?
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papillary and reticular layer
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many sensory cells are located in what layer of the skin?
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dermis
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these cells in the dermis are sensitive to deep pressure and texture
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Merkel cells |
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these cells in the dermis are sensitive to light touch
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Meissner's copuscles |
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these are sensitive to stretch |
Ruffini endings
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these are sensitive to deep pressure and vibration
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Pacinian corpuscle |
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these are sensitive to pain |
free nerve endings
|
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the maintenance of a constant internal temperautre |
thermoregulation |
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cooling mechanisms of the skin include this
|
sweating
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these glands are innervated by postganglionic cholinginic sympathetic neurons |
sweat glands |
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piloerection, vasoconstriction, shivering and insulation provided by body fat are all mechanisms of what?
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warming the body
|
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when arrector pili muscles contract causing hairs to stand on end and trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin |
piloerection
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this prevents dehydration and salt losses from the body
|
skin
|
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where does filtration occur?
|
glomerulus
|
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is filtration active or passive?
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passive
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