Holt Biology Chapter 6

Front 1

Describe nondisjunction

Back 1

when one or more c’somes fail to separate properly in cell division of gametes (one resulting gamete gets both c'somes while the other gets none)

Front 2

Name two methods of prenatal testing for disease

Back 2

Amniocentesis, Chorionic Villi Sampling

Front 3

Mutation =

Back 3

changes in an organism’s c’some structure

Front 4

Deletion Mutation

Back 4

piece of c’some breaks off completely; new cell will lack genes, may be fatal to zygote

Front 5

Duplication Mutation

Back 5

c’some fragment attaches to homologous c’some, carrying two copies of a set of genes

Front 6

Inversion Mutation

Back 6

piece of c’some reattaches to original c’some in reverse orientation

Front 7

Translocation Mutation

Back 7

piece of c’some attaches to nonhomologous c’some

Front 8

Fission =

Back 8

Division

Front 9

first three phases of cell cycle

Back 9

interphase

Front 10

five stages of cell cycle

Back 10

First Growth, Synthesis, Second growth, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Front 11

First stage

Back 11

g1 - cell carries out normal routine functions

Front 12

second stage

Back 12

synthesis - DNA is copies

Front 13

third stage

Back 13

g2 - preparations made for nucleus to divide

Front 14

fourth stage

Back 14

mitosis - nucleus divides

Front 15

fifth stage

Back 15

cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides

Front 16

Three checkpoints of cell cycle

Back 16

Cell growth (g1), DNA synthesis (g2); Mitosis checkpoitn

Front 17

first stage

Back 17

decides if cell will split

Front 18

two types of cells that may stay in this stage forever

Back 18

nerve & muscle

Front 19

stage 2

Back 19

DNA replication is checked, may go onto mitosis

Front 20

stage 3

Back 20

exit of mitosis back into g1

Front 21

2 ways cancer occurs

Back 21

some mutations overproduce growth molecules (speeding up cell cycle); others inactivate control proteins that normally slow the cycle