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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cells that are organized into layers or groups of similar cells with a common function are called _______.
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Tissues
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The four major types of tissues of the human body:
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
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Epithelial tissue performs what 3 functions?
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Covers the body surface and organs
Forms glandular tissue Lines internal organs |
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Epithelial tissue always has a free _______.
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Surface
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The underside of epithelial tissue is anchored by a _______ _______ to connective tissue.
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Basement Membrane
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Epithelial tissue lacks _______
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Blood Vessels
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Epithelial cells are tightly _______.
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packed
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Why do injuries to epthelial tissue heal rapidly?
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Because the cells divide rapidly.
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In many places, _______ attach epithelial cells together.
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Desmosomes
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List 4 functions of the epithelial cells:
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Protection
Secretion Absorption Excretion |
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Epithelial tissues are classified according to:
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The shape and numbers of layers of cells.
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Squamous cells are thin and _______.
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Flat
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Cuboidal Cells are _______ (shape).
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Cubelike
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Columnar cells are _______ (shape).
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Elongated
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Epthelial tissues with single layers of cells are called:
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Simple
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Epthelial tissues with two or more layers of cells are called:
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Stratified
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Simple squamous epithelium consists of how many layers of flat cells?
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One
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Name 2 places that you would find simple squamous epithelium:
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Alveoli of lungs
Capillary walls |
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Name 4 places to find Simple cuboidal epithelium:
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Lining the follicles of the thyroid gland
Covering the ovaries Lining kidney tubules lining the ducts of certain glands |
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The cells of simple columnar epithelium can be _______ or _______.
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Ciliated or nonciliated
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Cilia aid in moving _______ through the uterine tubes to the uterus.
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Eggs
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Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium lines the _______ and _____________________.
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Uterus and portions of the digestive tract
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Simple columnar epthelium can secrete _______ and absorbs _______ from digested foods.
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secretes digestive juices
absorbs nutrients |
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_______ are tiny cylindrical processes extending from the free surfaces of simple columnar epithelium.
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Microvilli
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Microvilli function to _____ of an epithelium.
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increase the surface area
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Flask-shaped glandular cells that secrete mucus are called _______.
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Goblet cells
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Goblet cells secrete _______.
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Mucus
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The cells of _______ appear layered but are not.
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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The cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium appear _______, but are not.
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Layered
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Pseudostratified columnar epitheliual cells have _______ (hairlike projections).
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Cilia
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Flask-shaped glandular cells that secrete mucus are called _______.
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Goblet cells
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Goblet cells secrete _______.
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Mucus
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The cells of _______ appear layered but are not.
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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The cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium appear _______, but are not.
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Layered
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Pseudostratified columnar epitheliual cells have _______ (hairlike projections).
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Cilia
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is located in portions of the _______.
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Respiratory tract
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium contain what other kind of cells?
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Goblet cells
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What 2 tissues contain goblet cells?
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Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Cells nearest the free surface of _______ epithelium are flattened while cells in deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar.
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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Stratified squamous epithelium that accumulates _______ is located as the outermost layer of skin.
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keratin
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Keratinization produces a covering of dry tough, protective material that does what?
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Prevents water and other substances from escaping from underlying tissues and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering.
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Stratified squamous epithelium that does not contain keratin is located lining the:
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Oral cavity
Esophagus Vagina Anal Canal |
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_______ consists of two or three layers of cubelike cells.
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium is located lining the ducts of:
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Mammary glands
Sweat glands Salivary glands Pancreas |
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Several layers of elongated and cubelike cells:
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Stratified columnar epithelium
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Stratified columnar epithelium is located in parts of the: (2)
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Male urethra
Pharynx |
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Transitional epithelium is specialized to change in response to _______
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Increased tension
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Transitional epithelium forms the lining of the ________, the _______, and part of the _______.
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Lining of the urinary bladder
Ureters Part of the urethra |
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When the wall of the bladder contracts, the transitional epithelium consists of:
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several layers of cuboidal cells
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When the bladder is distended, the transitional epithelium appears to contain:
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only a few layers of cells
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Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that are specialized to:
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Produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fliuds.
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Which glands secrete their products into ducts that open onto a surface?
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Exocrine Glands
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Which glands secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood?
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Endocrine glands
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Give an example of a unicellular exocrine gland:
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Goblet Cell
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_______ glands are divided into simple and compound glands.
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Multicellular exocrine glands
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Multicellular exocrine glands are divided into _______ and _______ glands.
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Simple and compound
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A simple gland communicates with the surface by means of:
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a duct that does not branch before it reaches the glandular cells or secretory portion
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A compound gland has a duct that _______ before reaching the secretory portion.
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Branches repeatedly
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A _______ communicates with the surface by means of a duct that does not branch before it reaches the glandular cells or secretory portion
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Simple gland
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A _______ has a duct that branches repeatedly before reaching the secretory portion.
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Compound gland
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Glands that consist of epithelial-lined tubes are called:
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Tubular glands
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Tubular glands are glands that consist of:
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Epithelial-lined tubes
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Glands whose terminal portions form saclike dilations:
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Alveolar glands
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Alveolar glands are glands whose terminal portions form:
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Saclike dilations
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Merocrine glands release fluids by _______.
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Exocytosis
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Which glands release small portions of their glandular cell bodies?
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Apocrine glands
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Which glands release entire cells?
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Holocrine glands
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Holocrine glands release:
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entire cells
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Apocrine glands release:
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small portions of their glandular cell bodies
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The secretion of a serous cell is _______ and has a high concentration of _______.
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watery
enzymes |
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The secretion of a mucus cell is:
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Mucus
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Name some functions of connective tissues:
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Bind structures, provide support and protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, and help repair tissue damage.
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The matrix of connective tissue is _______.
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extracellular material
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Connective tissues have varying degrees of _______.
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Vascularity
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Examples of fixed cells include _______ and _______.
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Fibroblasts
Mast cells |
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An example of a wandering cell is a _______.
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Macrophage
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The most common kind of fixed cell in connective tissues is a _______.
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Fibroblast
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Fibroblasts produce _______.
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Fibers
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Macrophages originate as _______.
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White Blood Cells
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Macrophages are specialized for _______.
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Phagocytosis
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Heparin functions to prevent _______
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Blood clotting
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Mast cells are usually located near:
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Blood vessels
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Histamine functions to promote some of the reactions associated with:
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Inflammation and allergies
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The 3 types of fibers produced by fibroblasts are _______, _______, and _______.
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Collagenous
Elastic Reticular |
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Collagenous fibers are thick threads of the protein _______.
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Collagen
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Collagenous fibers have great _______.
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Tensile strength
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Collagenous fibers are important components of body parts that hold structures together such as _______ and _______.
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Ligaments and tendons
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Dense connective tissue contains abundant _______.
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Collagenous fibers
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Elastic fibers are composed of bundles of _______ embedded in a protein called _______.
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Microfibrils imbedded in a protein called Elastin.
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Elastic fibers are common in body parts that are normally subjected to _______.
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Stretching
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Where would you find Elastin?
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Vocal Cords
Air passages of respiratory system |
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Reticular fibers are very _______ collagenous fibers.
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Thin
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Where can reticular fibers be found?
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Spleen
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The two categories of connective tissues are _______ and _______.
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Connective tissue proper
Specialized connective tissues |
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Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, dense connective tissue and elastic connective tissue are examples of _______.
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Connective tissue proper
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3 examples of specialized connective tissue include _______, _______, and _______.
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Cartilage, Bone, and Blood
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Connective tissue proper includes:
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Loose connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue Reticular CT Dense CT Elastic CT |
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Cartilage, Bone, and Blood are what type of connective tissue?
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Specialized CT
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What CT is located beneath most layers of epithelium, in thin membranes throughout the body, beneath skin, and between muscles?
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Loose connective tissue
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Most cells of loose connective tissue are _______.
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Fibroblasts
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Adipocytes are cells that store _______.
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Fat
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Three functions of adipose tissue:
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Protect
Insulate Store fat |
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Where is Adipose tissue located?
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Beneath the skin
Around the kidneys Behind the eyeballs On the surface of the heart |
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Reticular CT is composed of:
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Reticular fibers
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Reticular CT supports the walls of the _______, _______, and _______.
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Liver
Spleen Lymphatic Organs |
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Subclasses of Dense CT are _______ and _______.
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Regular and Irregular
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Regular dense CT is found in:
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Tendons and Ligaments
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Irregular dense CT is located in the _______.
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Dermis
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Elastic CT is located in the attachments between bones of the _______.
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Spinal Column
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Cartilage cells are called _______.
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Chondrocytes
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Small chambers in cartilage are called:
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Lacunae
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The connective tissue covering cartilage is _______.
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Perichondrium
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Cartilage lacks _______.
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Blood Supply
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The 3 types of cartilage are:
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Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage |
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The most common type of cartilage is:
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Hyaline
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What 4 places is hyaline cartilage found?
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Ends of Bones
Soft part of the nose In the supporting rings of respiratory passages In the embryo's skeleton |
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Elastic cartilage is found in what 2 areas?
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Parts of the Larynx
Framework for the external ear |
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Fibrocartilage is found in what 3 areas?
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Between vertebrae
In the knee joints In the pelvic girdle |
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_______ is the most rigid connective tissue.
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Bone
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functions of bone include:
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Support body structures
Protect the vital structures of the cranial and thoracic cavities Attachment sites for muscles |
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Bone matrix is deposited by bone cells called:
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Osteoblasts
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Thin layers of bone formed by osteoblasts:
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Lamellae
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Osteoblasts form lamellae around capillaries located within tiny longitudinal tubes, called _______ or _______ canals
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Central or Haversian Canals
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Osteoblasts are located in lacunae where they mature into _______, and are rather evenly spaced within the lamellae
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Osteocytes
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A cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone.
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Osteon
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An osteon contains a _______, _______, and _______.
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Central Canal
Lamella Osteocytes |
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The central canal of an osteon contains _______ and _______.
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Blood Vessels
Nerves |
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Minute tubes in the extracellular matrix of bone:
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Canaliculi
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_______ attach osteocyte cellular processes together so that materials can move between blood vessels and bone cells.
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Gap junctions
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Blood is composed of cells that are suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called:
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Plasma
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The fluid part of blood:
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Plasma
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Cell types of blood are _______, _______, and _______
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Red blood cells
White blood cells Cellular fragments called platelets |
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Red blood cells function to:
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Transport Gasses
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White blood cells function to:
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Fight infection
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Platelets function to produce:
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Blood Clots
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The 3 types of epithelial membranes:
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Serous
Mucous Cutaneous |
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These membranes line the body cavities that do not open to the outside:
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Serous Membranes
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These membranes line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body:
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Mucous
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The cutaneous membrane is commonly called _______.
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Skin
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What kind of membranes line joints?
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Synovial Membranes
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Muscle tissues are _______, meaning they can shorten and thicken.
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Contractile
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The 3 types of muscle tissue are:
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Skeletal
Smooth Cardiac |
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Skeletal muscle tissue usually attaches to _______.
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Bone
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Which muscle tissues have striations?
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Skeletal
Cardiac |
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Skeletal muscle is _______, meaning it can be consciously controlled
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Voluntary
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Smooth muscle lacks _______ which can be found in the other muscle tissue types
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Striations
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Smooth muscle is located :
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In the walls of most hollow internal organs.
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Smooth muscle is _______ because it cannot be consciously controlled.
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Involuntary
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Cardiac muscle is located only in the:
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Heart
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A specialized intercellular junction located only in cardiac muscle tissue:
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Intercalated disk
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Nervous tissues are found in _______, _______, and _______.
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Brain
Spinal Cord Peripheral nerves |
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The basic cells of nervous tissue are:
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Neurons
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In addition to neurons, nervous tissue also includes _______ cells.
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Neuroglial Cells
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A bone that is platelike is classified as a _______ bone
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Flat
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The bones of the wrist are examples of _______ bones.
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Short
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The bone of the thigh is an example of a _______ bone.
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Long
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Vertebrae are examples of _______ bones.
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Irregular
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The patella is an example of a _______ bone.
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Round
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The bones of the skull that form a protective covering of the brain are examples of _______ bones.
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Flat
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The epiphysis of a long bone is located where?
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On the articulating ends of the bone.
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Where is cartilage found on a long bone?
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On the articulating ends of the bone
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Where is dense irregular CT found on the surface of a long bone?
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The periosteum - covering the bone except the articulating ends.
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Where is the endosteum found?
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Lining the medullary cavity of the long bone.
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