Hnf 461 Exam 1

Front 1

What 2 things is the plasma membrane made up of?

Back 1

Phospholipids & proteins

Front 2

What gives the plasma membrane its function?

Back 2

Proteins

Front 3

Plasma membranes have ___ (greater/less) CHO content and cholesterol content than other membranes

Back 3

Greater

Front 4

What is the name of the glycoprotein-polysaccharide coveringthat surrounds the cell membranes of some cells?

Back 4

Glycocalyx

Front 5

What is the name of the proteins that contain oligosaccharidechains (glycans)covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains?

Back 5

Glycoproteins

Front 6

The ___ (cytoplasmic/mitochondrial) matrix is a microtrabecular lattice or cytoskeleton

Back 6

Cytoplasmic

Front 7

What providesa structure for cell organelles, microvillae (as found in intestinal mucosacells), and large molecules?

Back 7

Cytoskeleton

Front 8

T or F: Structural arrangement of the cytoplasmic matrix influencesmetabolic pathways

Back 8

True

Front 9

The ___ (outer/inner) mitochondrial membrane is porous

Back 9

Outer

Front 10

The ___ (outer/inner) mitochondrial membrane is selectively permeable; site of electron transport chain

Back 10

Inner

Front 11

What is the site of the TCA cycle (krebs cycle) & beta fatty acid oxidation?

Back 11

Mitochondrial matrix

Front 12

What cells do not contain mitochondrion?

Back 12

Erythrocytes

Front 13

The nucleoli is condensed ___ (collagen/chromatin)

Back 13

Chromatin

Front 14

Uracil is in ___ (RNA/DNA) only

Back 14

RNA

Front 15

Thymine is in ___ (RNA/DNA) only

Back 15

DNA

Front 16

mRNA is synthesized in nucleus, thenmoves to ___ (RER/SER) in cytoplasmic matrix

Back 16

RER

Front 17

___ (Rough/Smooth/Sarcoplasmic) reticulum = protein synthesis and glycosylation

Back 17

Rough

Front 18

___ (Rough/Smooth/Sarcoplasmic) reticulum = lipid synthesis

Back 18

Smooth

Front 19

___ (Rough/Smooth/Sarcoplasmic) reticulum = calcium ion pump

Back 19

Sarcoplasmic

Front 20

What are the structures made up of a network of membranous channels?

Back 20

ER

Front 21

Where does protein trafficking & sorting, and glycoprotein modification and additionalprotein glycosylation occur?

Back 21

Golgi apparatus

Front 22

Cis-Golginetwork = ___ (entrance/exit)

Back 22

Entrance

Front 23

Trans-Golginetwork = ___ (entrance/exit)

Back 23

Exit

Front 24

The golgi apparatus is connected to ER by what?

Back 24

Transport vesicles

Front 25

Lysosomes& peroxisomes are ___ (protein/enzyme)-filled organelles

Back 25

Enzyme

Front 26

___ (Lysosomes/Peroxisomes) are the cell’s “digestive system”

Back 26

Lysosomes

Front 27

Peroxisomes are the site of ___ (oxidative/reductive) ___ (anabolic/catabolic) reactions

Back 27

Oxidative, catabolic

Front 28

What are the 4 functions of lysosomes?

Back 28

Phagocytosis, autolysis, bone resorption, hormone secretion & regulation

Front 29

What are the 3 functions of peroxisomes?

Back 29

Oxidize fatty acids to acetyl CoA, amino acid catabolism, detoxifying reactions

Front 30

What are molecular stimuli that attach to receptors?

Back 30

Ligands

Front 31

What is the function of the 1st type of receptor?

Back 31

Bind to ligand & convert it tointernal signal

Front 32

What is the function of the 2nd type of receptor?

Back 32

Serve as ion channels

Front 33

What is the function of the 3rd type of receptor?

Back 33

Internalize stimulus intact

Front 34

The ___ (maximum velocity (Vmax)/Km (Michaelis constant)) is the enzyme velocity at substrate saturation

Back 34

Maximum velocity (Vmax)

Front 35

The ___ (maximum velocity (Vmax)/Km (Michaelis constant)) is the concentration of substrate when reaction is at 1/2 of maximum velocity

Back 35

Km (Michaelis constant

Front 36

Functionality of enzymes depends on what 2 things?

Back 36

Protein& prosthetic group or coenzyme

Front 37

Covalent modification is usually the addition/removal of what type of groups?

Back 37

Phosphate

Front 38

___ (Allosteric/Induction) = enzymeswith another site besides catalytic site that can bond with modulator

Back 38

Allosteric

Front 39

___ (Allosteric/Induction) = changes in concentrations of inducibleenzymes

Back 39

Induction

Front 40

With transferases, what group is transferred from 1 substrate to another?

Back 40

Functional group

Front 41

What type of catalytic proteins are responsible for the cleavage of C-C, C-S, & C-N bonds (nohydrolysis/O-R)?

Back 41

Lyases

Front 42

What type of catalytic proteins are responsible for the interconversion of optical or geometric isomers?

Back 42

Isomerases

Front 43

What type of catalytic proteins are responsible for catalyzing the formation of C-? Bonds (O, S, N, others)?

Back 43

Ligases

Front 44

What is free energy (G)?

Back 44

The potential energy in bonds ofnutrients that is released

Front 45

Lipase breaks down ___ (TAG/CHO)

Back 45

TAG

Front 46

Amylase breaks down ___ (TAG/CHO)

Back 46

CHO

Front 47

What are the accessory digestive organs?

Back 47

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Front 48

The mucosalayer of the GI tract is the most ___ (internal/external)

Back 48

Internal

Front 49

The serosa layer of the GI tract is the most ___ (internal/external)

Back 49

External

Front 50

What 3 types of cells does the epithelial layer of the GI mucosa contain?

Back 50

Absorptivecells, enteroendocrinecells, and exocrine cells

Front 51

Absorptive cells are ___ (enterocytes/enteroendocrine cells/exocrine cells)

Back 51

Enterocytes

Front 52

___ (Enteroendocrine cells/Exocrine cells) are mucusproducing globlet cells

Back 52

Exocrine cells

Front 53

What is beneath epithelial cells in the GI mucosa that anchors them?

Back 53

Lamina propria

Front 54

T or F: The lamina propria is made up of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Back 54

True

Front 55

The main enzyme in saliva is salivary ___ (amylase/lipase) which hydrolyzes alpha ___ (1-4/1-6) bonds in ___ (proteins/starch)

Back 55

Amylase, 1-4, starch

Front 56

___ (Chief cells/Parietal cells/Enderoendocrine G-cells) produce enzymes needed for protein digestion

Back 56

Chief cells

Front 57

___ (Chief cells/Parietal cells/Enderoendocrine G-cells) produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12

Back 57

Parietal cells

Front 58

___ (Chief cells/Parietal cells/Enderoendocrine G-cells) produce the hormone gastrin, which stimulates parietal and chief cells

Back 58

Enderoendocrine G-cells

Front 59

Crypts = small tear-drop like areas onbottom of ___ (enterocytes/villi) of the ___ (exocrine/absorptive) cells of the SI

Back 59

Villi, absorptive

Front 60

What type of cells are on the bottom of crypts?

Back 60

Stem cells

Front 61

___ (Segmentation/Peristalsis) mixes food in the GI tract with chyme

Back 61

Segmentation

Front 62

___ (Segmentation/Peristalsis) propels food forward through the GI tract

Back 62

Peristalsis

Front 63

What is thelargest endocrine organ (tissue) in the GI tract?

Back 63

Fat tissue

Front 64

Largeintestine absorbs what from fecal matter?

Back 64

Water

Front 65

Intestinal secretions and motility are orchestrated by what 3 things?

Back 65

Hormones, signaling peptides, and the nervous system

Front 66

___ (Peptide YY/Cholecystokinin) increases intestinal motility

Back 66

Cholecystokinin

Front 67

___ (Peptide YY/Cholecystokinin) inhibits gastric secretion

Back 67

Peptide YY

Front 68

What is the function of the tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells?

Back 68

Barrier to prevent antigens andpathogens from entering

Front 69

Disregulation of the tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells can cause what?

Back 69

A leakyintestinal barrier

Front 70

A leaky intestinal barrier is associated with what 3 disorders?

Back 70

Chronicinflammatory bowel diseases, type 1 diabetes, and multiplesclerosis

Front 71

What type of bacteria provide metabolic signals to helpmaintain a healthy intestinal barrier?

Back 71

Commensal (a nonharmful coexistance)

Front 72

GERD = Reflux disease, gastric juice moves up intothe ___ (pharynx/esophagus) and inflames it

Back 72

Esophagus

Front 73

Stereoisomers have ___ (1/2) or more chiral carbon atoms with ___ (same/different) 4 groupsattached but ___ (are/are not) mirrorimages of each other

Back 73

2, same, are not

Front 74

T or F: Stereoisomerismexists in all macronutrients

Back 74

True

Front 75

T or F: Many enzymes are stereospecific

Back 75

True

Front 76

What are 2 examples of enzymes that are stereospecific?

Back 76

Hexokinase, amylase

Front 77

In solution, what type of molecules form a cyclic ring structure?

Back 77

Monosaccharides

Front 78

In solution, the monosaccharidemolecules form a cyclic ring structure, which is a reaction between what 2 groups? What does this form?

Back 78

Carbonyl and hydroxyl. Forms an additional chiral carbon

Front 79

Pentoses contribute ___ (a lot/little) to dietary energy

Back 79

Little

Front 80

___ (Deoxyribose/Ribose) is a constituent of ATP, ADP, and AMP, cAMP, NAD, NADP, RNA

Back 80

Ribose

Front 81

What is the constituent of riboflavin, FAD, and FMN–(a reduction product of ribose)?

Back 81

Ribitol

Front 82

Disaccharides consistof two monosaccharide units joined by what type of bonds?

Back 82

Covalent

Front 83

___ (Maltose/Lactose/Sucrose)- partialhydrolysis of starch

Back 83

Maltose

Front 84

___ (Maltose/Lactose/Sucrose)- Milk sugar

Back 84

Lactose

Front 85

___ (Maltose/Lactose/Sucrose)- Cane sugar and beet sugar

Back 85

Sucrose

Front 86

Maltose is two glucose units linked through an ___ (alpha/beta) (1-4) glycosidic bond

Back 86

Alpha

Front 87

Lactose is a galactose unit linked through an ___ (alpha/beta) (1-4) glycosidic bond to glucose

Back 87

Beta

Front 88

What is the disaccharide that is a glucose linked to a fructose?

Back 88

Sucrose

Front 89

Raffinose, stachyoses, & verbascose are ___ (oligosaccharides/polysaccharides)

Back 89

Oligosaccharides

Front 90

Starch, glycogen, & c ellulose are ___ (oligosaccharides/polysaccharides)

Back 90

Polysaccharides

Front 91

What is composed of polyglucose joinedby beta(1-4) glycosidic bonds?

Back 91

Cellulose

Front 92

Sucralose is ___ (stable/unstable) at high temperatures and is ___(200-300/500-600) times sweeter than sucrose

Back 92

Stable, 500-600

Front 93

Salivary a-amylase in the mouth and pancreatic a-amylase in the small intestine break down ___ (polysaccharides/disaccharides)

Back 93

Polysaccharides

Front 94

Where does the digestion of disaccharides occur?

Back 94

Microvilli of enterocytes

Front 95

Dextrins are broken down into ___ (lactose/maltose) and limit dextrins in the SI

Back 95

Maltose

Front 96

In the brush border, maltase and the alpha- ___ (1,4/1,6) glycosidic bonds in limit dextrins are hydrolyzed, forming ___ (sucrose/glucose)

Back 96

1,6, glucose

Front 97

Which GLUT isthe only insulin regulatable transporter of glucose?

Back 97

GLUT 4

Front 98

Glucose and galactose require ___ (active/facilitated) transport and ___ (active/facilitated)diffusion

Back 98

Active, facilitated

Front 99

Fructose is likely facilitated transport via what GLUT?

Back 99

GLUT 5

Front 100

What is the anabolic hormone involved in carbohydrate, lipid, and proteinmetabolism?

Back 100

Insulin

Front 101

___ (Insulin/Glucagon) is secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas

Back 101

Insulin

Front 102

___ (Insulin/Glucagon) is secreted by the alpha-cells of the pancreas

Back 102

Glucagon

Front 103

What GLUT transporter is in muscle and adipose tissue?

Back 103

GLUT 4

Front 104

___ (Insulin/Glucagon) causes the translocationof GLUT4 from ___ (GLUT4 storage vesicles/cell surface) to the ___ (GLUT4 storage vesicles/cell surface)

Back 104

Insulin, GLUT4 storage vesicles, cell surface

Front 105

Insulin ___ (enhances/inhibits) glycolysis

Back 105

enhances

Front 106

Insulin ___ (enhances/inhibits) gluconeogenesis

Back 106

inhibits

Front 107

Insulin ___ (enhances/inhibits) glycogenolysis

Back 107

inhibits

Front 108

Insulin ___ (enhances/inhibits) glycogenesis

Back 108

enhances

Front 109

What is the catabolic hormone antagonistic to insulin?

Back 109

Glucagon

Front 110

Glucagon affects mostly the what organ?

Back 110

Liver

Front 111

Maintaining blood glucose levels is amajor function of what 3 parts of the body?

Back 111

Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

Front 112

Glycemic ___ (index/load) measures how a carbohydrate-containingfood raisesblood glucose?

Back 112

Glycemic index

Front 113

How is glycemicload calculated?

Back 113

Multiplyingthe glycemic index by the amount of carbohydrate (in grams) provided by a food and dividing the totalby 100

Front 114

T or F: Anindividual can still reach high blood glucose level by consuming a lot of lowGI foods

Back 114

True

Front 115

Research support the relationship between ___ (high/low) GI orGL diet with the risk of type2 diabetes

Back 115

High

Front 116

Long-term consumption of high ___ (GI/GL) diet is also associated with increased risk of obesity and coronary heart disease

Back 116

GL

Front 117

___ (Long-term/Short-term) = Greater type 2diabetes risk

Back 117

Long-term

Front 118

___ (Long-term/Short-term) = Insulin resistance

Back 118

Short-term

Front 119

Patients with type2 diabetes willimprove glycemic control byadapting to low ___ (GI/GL) diet

Back 119

GI

Front 120

A high GL diet could cause ___ (increased/decreased) insulin demand which would cause beta-cell ___ (exhaustion/production) which would cause glucose ___ (tolerance/intolerance) and then diabetes

Back 120

Increased, exhaustion, intolerance

Front 121

What 3 rates determines blood glucose concentration at a given moment

Back 121

1. The rate of glucose absorption, 2. The rate of glucose taken up by tissues, 3. The rate of glucose produced by the liver

Front 122

What is the 1st mechanisms of regulation metabolism?

Back 122

1. Negative or positive modulation of allosteric enzymes(through binding of effectors), 3. Directional shifts in reversible reactions

Front 123

What is the 2nd mechanisms of regulation metabolism?

Back 123

2. Hormonal activation by covalent modification/induction (cAMP and phosphorylation)

Front 124

What is the 3rd mechanisms of regulation metabolism?

Back 124

3. Directional shifts in reversible reactions

Front 125

What is the 4th mechanisms of regulation metabolism?

Back 125

4. Translocation of enzymes within cells (glucokinase)

Front 126

What are 3 allostericmodulators?

Back 126

AMP,ADP, & ATP

Front 127

___ (AMPs/ADPs/ATPs) positive modulation causes shiftfrom inactive to active form of glycogen phosphorylase b

Back 127

AMPs

Front 128

AMPs positive modulation causes shift from inactive to active form of glycogen phosphorylase b stimulates what 2 enzymes?

Back 128

Phosphofructokinase, pyruvatekinase

Front 129

What are the minor uses of glucose?

Back 129

Synthesis of ribose, NADPH, glucose forglycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis

Front 130

What are the lowest priority uses of glucose?

Back 130

Substrate for fatty acid and TAGsynthesis

Front 131

The firststep in intracellular metabolism ofglucose converts glucose to what?

Back 131

Glucose 6-phosphate

Front 132

What 2 organs havean enzyme to convert G-6-P back to glucose?

Back 132

Liverand kidneys

Front 133

What enzyme is involved in glucose phosphorylation?

Back 133

Hexokinase

Front 134

Where is glucokinase located?

Back 134

Liver,pancreas

Front 135

Where is hexokinase located?

Back 135

Muscle,adipose, brain

Front 136

Glucokinase functions at max velocity when bloodglucose levels are ___ (normal/elevated)

Back 136

Elevated

Front 137

Hexokinase functions at max velocity when blood glucose levels are ___ (normal/elevated)

Back 137

Normal

Front 138

What happens to glucokinase in liver cells?

Back 138

GK is “parked” in the nucleusby bindingto GKRP when glucose levels in the hepatocyte approach fasting levels.

Front 139

Glucokinase is indirectly ___ (inhibited/stimulated) by fructose6-P

Back 139

Inhibited

Front 140

Glucokinase is indirectly ___ (inhibited/stimulated) by glucose andtrace fructose

Back 140

Stimulated

Front 141

What enzyme cleavesthe a-1,4bonds to release G-1-P from nonreducingends of the glycogen polymer during glycogenolysis?

Back 141

Glycogenphosphorylase

Front 142

What enzyme cleavesthe a-1,6bonds at branch pointsduring glycogenolysis?

Back 142

Debranchingenzyme

Front 143

What 2 hormones is glycogenphosphorylase covalently regulated by?

Back 143

Glucagon,epinephrine

Front 144

What molecule is glycogen phosphorylase allosterically regulated by?

Back 144

AMP

Front 145

In muscle, Ca2+ binds to the calmodulin subunit of phosphorylase kinase, activating it ___ (with/without) phosphorylation, which then ___ (activates/inhibits) glycogen phosphorylase, causing glycogen degradation

Back 145

Without, activates

Front 146

In muscle under extreme conditions of anoxia and depletion of ATP ___ (Ca2+/AMP) activates glycogen phosphorylase b ___ (with/without) it being phosphorylated

Back 146

AMP, without

Front 147

Where does the TCAcycle occur?

Back 147

Mitochondrialmatrix

Front 148

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 148

Cytoplasm

Front 149

Where does the ETC occur?

Back 149

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 150

The brain exclusively usesglucose for energy under normal circumstances, therefore ____ takes place inthe brain

Back 150

Glycolysis

Front 151

Glycogenolysis is active in the___ (fed/fasting) state

Back 151

Fasting

Front 152

If you eat a pizza and then willnot eat anything in the next 24 hours, what are glucose sources that supplyyour body’s need during the whole process?

Back 152

Exogenousglucose, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Front 153

Liver cells may use glucose forall of the following EXCEPT ___: Energyneeds- Synthesizing ATP, makingglycogen, synthesizingand secreting insulin, synthesizingribose, synthesizingfatty acids

Back 153

Synthesizing and secreting insulin

Front 154

Glycolysis produces ___ (lactate/pyruvate) underaerobic conditions, and ___ (lactate/pyruvate) under anaerobic conditions.

Back 154

Pyruvate, lactate

Front 155

Whensomebody is skipping meals for 14 hours, what hormones related to carbmetabolism is high in blood? Whatis low? How is each carb metabolicpathways doing in each organ?

Back 155

Glucagon, insulin, liver undergoing gluconeogenesis

Front 156

Why may six meals a day lead toweight loss in some people?

Back 156

High fiber diets inhibit fat absorption

Front 157

What 2 products does the PPP form?

Back 157

Pentose phosphates, NADPH

Front 158

The pentose phosphates formed in the PPP are necessary for the synthesis of what?

Back 158

Nucleic acid synthesis for DNA and RNA

Front 159

The NADPH formed in the PPP are necessary for the synthesis of what?

Back 159

Fatty acids

Front 160

What are 3 precursors gluconeogenesis can synthesize glucose from?

Back 160

Glycerol, lactate, and certain aminoacids

Front 161

What is the key site for gluconeogenesis?

Back 161

Liver

Front 162

Gluconeogenesis is active when: Insulinlevel is high, glucagonlevel is low, someoneis on a very low carb or carb free diet, allof the above

Back 162

Someone is on a very low carb or carb free diet

Front 163

___ (Dietary/Functional) fiber = nondigestibleCHO & lignin that are intact & intrinsic in plants

Back 163

Dietary

Front 164

___ (Dietary/Functional) fiber = nondigestibleCHO that are isolated, extracted, or manufactured& known to have physiological benefits

Back 164

Functional

Front 165

Fiber ___ (lowers/increases) cholesterol

Back 165

Lowers

Front 166

T or F: Fiber helps control diabetes

Back 166

True

Front 167

Most people in the US are ___ (high/low) in fiber

Back 167

Low

Front 168

What are the 4 classifications of fiber?

Back 168

Source, solubility, fermentability, viscosity

Front 169

What are the 4 properties of fiber that are important for theirfunctions?

Back 169

Solubility in water, water holding capacity & viscosity, ability to bind to organic and inorganicmolecules, fermentability

Front 170

Some hemicelluloses, pectin, gums, b-glucans are water ___ (soluble/insoluble) fibers

Back 170

Soluble

Front 171

Cellulose, lignin, some hemicelluloses,chitosan, chitin are water ___ (soluble/insoluble) fibers

Back 171

Insoluble

Front 172

Soluble fibers ___ (speed up/delay) gastricemptying

Back 172

Delay

Front 173

Soluble fibers ___ (increase/decrease) transittime

Back 173

Increase

Front 174

Soluble fibers ___ (increase/decrease) nutrientabsorption

Back 174

Decrease

Front 175

Inoluble fibers ___ (increase/decrease) transittime

Back 175

Decrease

Front 176

Inoluble fibers ___ (increase/decrease) fecalbulk

Back 176

Increase

Front 177

T or F: Bileacids undergo enterohepatic cycling

Back 177

True

Front 178

What is diverticulosis?

Back 178

The formation of numerous tiny pockets,or diverticula, in the lining of the bowel.

Front 179

Bystimulating bowel movement, ___ (fermentable/nonfermentable) fibers can prevent/relieve diverticulosis/diverticulitis

Back 179

Nonfermentable

Front 180

Fermentation is done by what?

Back 180

Intestinal bacteria

Front 181

Fiber causes ___ (increased/decreased) nutrientdiffusion rate--attenuation of the blood glucose response

Back 181

Decreased

Front 182

Fiber causes ___ (increased/decreased) enzymefunction

Back 182

Decreased

Front 183

Fiber causes ___ (increased/decreased) mixingof gastrointestinal contents with digestive enzymes

Back 183

Decreased

Front 184

Fiber causes ___ (increased/decreased) absorption of lipids

Back 184

Decreased

Front 185

Fiber causes ___ (increased/decreased) fecal bile acid excretion

Back 185

Increased

Front 186

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 186

Cytoplasm

Front 187

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 187

Cytoplasm

Front 188

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Back 188

Liver

Front 189

What 3 products does glycolysis produce?

Back 189

Pyruvate, NADH, ATP

Front 190

What 4 products does the TCA cycle produce?

Back 190

CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP

Front 191

Where does the PPP occur?

Back 191

Cytoplasm