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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ontology
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The study of nature of being & existence
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Evidence-based practice
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The integration of clinical expertise with the best available evidence
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Knowledge
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Facts acquired through the senses, reasons' or research
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Refereed Journal
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Publications reviewed by "experts readers" prior to the publication of the material.
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Epistemology
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Concerned with nature of knowledge.
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Ethical principles
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Principles that must be upheld in research.
Respect autonomy: Making an informed decision about being involved. Beneficence: Provide benefits (public good) Non-Maleficence: Avoiding bad intention or harm. Justice: Benefits, costs & risks equitably distributed. |
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Sample size
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Determined before the start of the trial.
(In RCT's) |
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Clinical reasoning
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Explanation for what is done clinically
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Why Clinical reasoning?
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Justify clinical actions
knowledge base (body of knowledge) |
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Why is clinical reasoning important?
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Consider choice of actions as a health professional.
To provide the best treatment available to the pt To explain your actions as a health professional. To defend against possible litigation. |
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What is critical thinking?
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The ability to interpret argument, evidence, or information in a logical & unbiased fashion.
The ability to solve complex problems effectively. |
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Qualitative approach
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Data from the research study is presented in "the form of words"
Often ask participants for their experiences & views. Focus is on dept, not breadth Findings cannot be generalised but might be able to be transformed. |
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Different types of qualitative methodologies
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Ethnography
Phenomenology Grounded theory |
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Quantitative approach
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Data from the research is presented in the "form of numbers".
Important concepts- validity & reliability. There is a testing of a hypothesis Statistically analysis Confirm or refute a hypothesis Focus on breath not depth Generalizability possible. |
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Different types of quantitative methodologies
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RCT's
Quasi- experimental design |
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What is evidence?
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The available body of facts/information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
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Abstract
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Summary of research paper
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Rigour
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Trustworthy & can be relied upon
"Validity & Reliability" |
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Primary source
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The author directly states his opinion or facts he has found
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Secondary source
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Author cites OTHER sources to show how he came to the conclusion
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Evidence
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'Info' which supports & guides practices, programs & policies
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Human Research Ethics Committee
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Includes; Researchers, Health & Social care professionals, Lawyer, Lay members, Pastoral Carer (community).
Balance between the sexes & amount of people present. |
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Prevalence
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Existing health state in a particular population & time.
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Validity
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A measurement which measures what it is intended to measure
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Reliability
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A measurement instrument is dependable, stable & consistent when replicated
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What is the structure of a research report?
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Title section
Intro/background Methodology/methods Results/findings Discussion/conclusion References |
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Non-probability sampling
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Research participant is not known in advance
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Probability Sampling
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Element being selected is known in advance.
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4 most common methods of Sampling
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Simple random sampling
Systematic random sampling Stratified random sampling Cluster random sampling |
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Credibility
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Refers to the questions asked, the population that is being researched, researchers bias & validity of the research.
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Transferability
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Allows the reader of the research to make connections between elements of a study & their own experience
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Dependability
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Refers to the outcomes, results, report of findings
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Confirmability
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Refers to evidence that supports the researcher's objectivity
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Convenience sampling
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Allows researchers to find people who are willing to participate in the study. CS is crucial when it is difficult to find people that meet the criteria needed, such as; age, gender, ethnicity, or social class.
(It is a form of non-probability sampling) |
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Purposive sampling
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Looks for cases that provide rich or in-depth info about the issue being examined in research.
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What is the 5 step of evidence based practice
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Ask (Ask an answerable clinical ?)
Acquire (Acquire the best available evidence) Appraise (Appraise the evidence) Apply (Apply the evidence) Assess (Assess the process) |
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What is the PICCO format?
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P: Patient/population
-who is being studied? - What is the important characteristics of pt/population? I: Intervention- What you plan to do to the pt C: Comparison- What is the main alternative you are considering? O: Outcome- What do you plan to accomplish, improve or affect? |
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Phemenology
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Approach that seeks to understand, describe & interpret human behavior individuals experiences
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Descriptive Phenomenology
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Human experience considered as knowledge in its own right
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Interpretive/ Hermeneutic Phenomenology
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What experience means to participants & how it influences the choices they make.
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Positionality
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Related to the 'position' from which one 'chooses' to speak. The research aim lends to credibility & authority of the study
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Bracketing
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Limit the researcher's own prejudices
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Reflexivity
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A strategy that makes explicit the researcher's deep seated views & judgments that influence & affect the research process
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Data saturation
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Occurs when the researcher is no longer hearing or seeing new information which contributes to the findings
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Snowball sampling
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Gaining access to hard to reach populations by using a member from the desired sample
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What is the purpose of the HREC?
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To protect the welfare & rights of pts who are research participants. They examine, review, approve & monitor research proposals to ensure they meet the ethical requirements of the group & the National Health & Medical Research Council.
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What is meant by Informed consent?
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Fully aware of the facts of a certain situation before agreeing to it, before informed consent can be obtained.
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Ethnography
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Lived culture of a group & provides in-depth knowledge about one culture
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Who are the key informants in Ethnography?
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Ethnic groups, neighbourhoods & social groups
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Thick discription
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Detail & background info so people's actions are understood in the context of experience & patterns of meaning that influence them
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Grounded Theory
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A social structural process within a social setting
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Inductive reasoning
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Form of reasoning which makes generalizations based on individual instances
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Grounded theory uses a specific type of sampling called 'theoretical sampling'. What does this mean?
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In choosing the participants & data collection. Sampling is divided by the developing theory
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Representative Sample
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Accurately reflects characteristics of the population
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Directional Hypothesis
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Where one can predict the direction (effect of one variable on the other as 'positive' or 'negative'.)
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Non-Directional Hypothesis
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Where one does not predict the kind of effect but can state a relationship between variable 1 and variable 2.
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Variable
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A characteristic or attribute that varies or differs amoung the persons or objects being studied.
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Independent Variable.
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The presumed effect on the dependent variable & can be manipulated by the researcher
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Dependent Variable
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Presumed effect that comes about from a change in the independent variable. This is the outcome or consequence
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Null Hypothesis
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The thing that you are testing will have no effect
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Research question
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Defines the whole process; guides argument & inquiry & provokes the interests of the reviewer.
The question should be: problematic, evocative, relevant, clear & re searchable. |
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Research Problem
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Provides context for the study & reveals what the researcher is trying to answer
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Hypothesis
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Theory about how something works.
-educated guess- |
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What are the levels of measurement?
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Nominal Data
Ordinal Data Interval Data Ratio Data |
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Nominal Data
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Objects or people are assigned to named categories according to some criterion
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Ordinal Data
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Results when observations are rank ordered & values are assigned sequentially to reflect the logical ordering of categories
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Interval Data
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Has the property of rank order, & in addition, distances or intervals between the units of measurement are equal
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Ratio Data
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The same properties as interval-level data, & in addition, have an empirical rather than an arbitrary zero
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Mean
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The average of all the scores
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p Value
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The probability of making an error in interpreting the findings, because the sample, does not accurately reflect the real population parameters.
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Quazi experimental Design (?)
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Doesn't meet the standard for an experimental design & is used when random allocation is not ethical or possible.
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Randomized Control Trial
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A clinical trial where participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to receive different interventions.
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Triangulation
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The use of multiple methods, researchers, data sources, or theories in a research project.
The researcher seeks the same info from different sources. |
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Descriptive Study
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Describes population & study
(re-occurring type themes) |
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Systematic Review
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A comprehensive identification & synthesis of the available literature on a specified topic.
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Causation
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The relationship between cause & effect
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What are the advantages of using a mixed method approach?
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Broader picture of phenomen
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What criteria is used to judge the findings of an experimental study?
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Rigor
Reliability Triangulation Credibility |
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Which statistical measure shows the probability that the null hypothesis is true?
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P value statistical measure
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What does CDM mean?
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Clinical Data Mining
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Why is CDM used?
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For systematically collecting & analyzing available agency data
eg: hospital records |
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What is the advantage of CDM?
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It is easily accessible & doesn't intrude on pts time.
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Is consent required when using CDM?
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No.
It is an unobtrusive method, as it doesn't require direct contact with informants as it uses data that has already been published & is readily available. |
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What are clinical practice guidelines?
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Systematically developed statements to assist clinician & pts decisions regarding appropriate health
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What are the advantages of Clinical Practice Guidelines?
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- Better health outcomes
- Improved decision making process - Reduces unnecessary, ineffective or harmful interventions. - Provides consumers with better interventions regarding treatment options & risk factors. - Protects the pt - Allows you to observe specified clinical guidelines & initiate interventions. |
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Is consent required when using CDM?
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No.
It is an unobtrusive method, as it doesn't require direct contact with informants as it uses data that has already been published & is readily available. |
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Ordinal Data
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Results when observations are rank ordered & values are assigned sequentially to reflect the logical ordering of categories
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p Value
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The probability of making an error in interpreting the findings, because the sample, does not accurately reflect the real population parameters
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