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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why was the frontier no longer protected by federal troops in 1861? |
Texas had seceded from the Union |
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During the Civil War, how far east did the frontier line move in Texas? |
50-100 miles |
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What native tribes posed the greatest threat to settlers on the frontier? |
Comanche and Kiowa |
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Who was Quanah Parker? |
He was one of the most powerful Comanche leaders of his time, opposed settlement on Comanche land, son of Cynthia Ann Parker and Cheif Peta Nocona. |
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Who was Cynthia Ann Parker? |
She was mother of Quanah Parker, an anglo who had been captured as a child by Comanches in 1836, raised in the Comanche culture, wife of Chief Peta Nocona, had 3 children, was rescued multiple times by anglos, but wanted to return to the Comanche. |
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Why did the peace treaty arranged at Medicine Lodge Creek fail? |
Neither the American Indians nor the US government honored it. |
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Define "buffalo hunters". Why were they allowed to hunt on reservation lands? |
Person who slaughtered buffalo for the value of their hides. It was believed if the buffalo herds were depleted, the American Indians would be forced to stay on reservations. |
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How did the Comancheros encourage American Indian raids? |
They traded guns, ammunition, and other supplies to the Comanches for the livestock and property they stole on their raids. |
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Define "buffalo soldiers". Tell how they got their name. |
African American fighter on the frontier. From American Indians who respected their bravery. |
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Describe the Red River War and how the final battle ended. |
It was a series of battles at Palo Duro Canyon which ended with federal troops destroying native villages, burning winter food supplies and buffalo skins, shooting horses, and forcing Kiowa and Comanche onto reservations. |
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What kept the American Indians on the reservations once they were forced there? |
The depletion of the buffalo population. |
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What caused the break-up of American Indian reservations years after tribes had been sent there? |
The reservation lands were opened to settlers |
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What led to the development of the Texas longhorn cattle? |
Cattle brought to Texas by Spanish explorers and priests were allowed to wander in the wilderness, and over time the different breeds mixed, developing the Texas longhorn. |
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As the cattle of landowners along the cattle trails died of Texas fever, why were the longhorn cattle unaffected? |
They had natural immunities to the disease. |
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After the Civil War, few people had money, but there was plenty of cattle wandering around in the wild. How much were they worth? |
$4 each in Texas, $40 each at the railheads up north. |
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What made the cattle drives necessary? |
There was a great demand for beef in the North and East US, so they had to be driven to railheads in the north so they could be shipped on to the markets from there. |
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Where was the first real cow town, and who built it? |
Abilene, Kansas and Joseph G. McCoy |
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The great cattle trails in Texas: |
First was the Chisholm Trail, opened by Jesse Chisholm in 1867 Dodge City or Western Trail, 1870 Goodnight-Loving Trail, late 1867 |
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Cowhands on cattle drives often sat around the campfire at night and sing traditional southern ballads and hymns. This contributed to what? |
The development of country and western music |
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The land that became the XIT Ranch was traded by the state of Texas to who and why? |
To building contractors in payment for the construction of the new capitol building |
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The open range method of ranching ended due to what technological developments? |
Barbed wire and windmills |
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Minority cowboys reported that they experienced |
less discrimination based on race in the cattle industry than other industries of the day |
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Why was it hard for farmers in Texas to get their produce to market before 1876? |
There was no railroad in Texas |
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Sharecroppers had to give part of their crops to the landlord. Why? |
To pay rent on the land he farmed |
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What kind of skills did most former African American slaves have after the Civil War? |
Farming skills |
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Why were most Texans not involved in commerce after the Civil War? |
Most Texans had little money and no transportation. |
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The development of what method of transportation made it easier for farmers to get produce to market in the late 1800's? |
Railroad |
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What technological innovation allowed farmers in West Texas to water crops? |
Windmill |
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What important technological development occurred in East Texas, (between Marshall and Jefferson)? |
Steel plow |
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During what years did the Railroad grow rapidly in Texas? |
1876-1885 |
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In the late 1800's why did farmers begin to purchase household items instead of making their own? |
They were spending more time with commercial farming. |
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How did cotton farmers cause the growth of cities in Texas? |
Increased demand for store-bought items by cotton farmers led to the birth of new industries. As new industries were created, increased manufacturing led to the growth of cities. |
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What insect destroyed millions of dollars worth of cotton crops in Texas in the early 1900's? |
Boll weevil |
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What is commercial farming? |
Producing crops for sale |
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What were some of the reasons Texas suffered economic problems after the Civil War? |
Ruined businesses, unpaid war debts, lost savings from worthless Confederate bonds |
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Why were revival meetings and elections held in the summer in post-Civil War Texas? |
Because farm work was slow in the summer. |
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During post-Civil War times, what did many Texans have to do to survive? |
Grow their own food. |
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Why was it hard for farmers to stop growing cash crops and move into other occupations? |
They usually still owed money to creditors at the end of the growing season |
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What types of mills increased in Texas in the late 1800s? |
saw mills, grist mills, flour mills. |
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The cotton industry directly contributed to the growth of what three Texas cities? |
Houston, Galveston, Waco |
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Why were fairs, weddings, and other activities requiring money usually held in October or later? |
The crops were in from the field and had been sold at market, so that's usually the time of year that farmers had money. |
